How biochar works, and when it doesn't: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar

GCB Bioenergy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(11), P. 1731 - 1764

Published: July 27, 2021

Abstract We synthesized 20 years of research to explain the interrelated processes that determine soil and plant responses biochar. The properties biochar its effects within agricultural ecosystems largely depend on feedstock pyrolysis conditions. describe three stages reactions in soil: dissolution (1–3 weeks); reactive surface development (1–6 months); aging (beyond 6 months). As ages, it is incorporated into aggregates, protecting carbon promoting stabilization rhizodeposits microbial products. Biochar persists for hundreds thousands years. By increasing pH, porosity, water availability, biochars can create favorable conditions root functions. Biochars catalyze biotic abiotic reactions, particularly rhizosphere, increase nutrient supply uptake by plants, reduce phytotoxins, stimulate development, resilience disease environmental stressors. Meta‐analyses found that, average, P availability a factor 4.6; decrease tissue concentration heavy metals 17%–39%; build organic through negative priming 3.8% (range −21% +20%); non‐CO 2 greenhouse gas emissions from 12%–50%. show average crop yield increases 10%–42% with addition, greatest low‐nutrient P‐sorbing acidic soils (common tropics), sandy drylands due retention holding capacity. Studies report wide range diversity contexts which have been applied. Crop yields strongly if site‐specific constraints limitations are mitigated appropriate formulations. be tailored address site selection, modifying conditions, pre‐ or post‐production treatments, co‐application mineral fertilizers. demonstrate how, when used wisely, mitigates climate change supports food security circular economy.

Language: Английский

---

Multifunctional applications of biochar beyond carbon storage

International Materials Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 67(2), P. 150 - 200

Published: May 7, 2021

Biochar is produced as a charred material with high surface area and abundant functional groups by pyrolysis, which refers to the process of thermochemical decomposition organic at elevated temperatures in absence oxygen. The carbon component biochar relatively stable, and, hence, was originally proposed soil amendment store soil. has multifunctional values that include use it for following purposes: improve health, nutrient microbial carrier, immobilising agent remediation toxic metals contaminants water, catalyst industrial applications, porous mitigating greenhouse gas emissions odorous compounds, feed supplement animal health intake efficiency thus, productivity. This article provides first time an overview unintended consequences applications.

Language: Английский

---

Biochar Aging: Mechanisms, Physicochemical Changes, Assessment, And Implications for Field Applications

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 54(23), P. 14797 - 14814

Published: Nov. 3, 2020

Biochar has triggered a black gold rush in environmental studies as carbon-rich material with well-developed porous structure and tunable functionality. While much attention been placed on its apparent ability to store carbon the ground, immobilize soil pollutants, improve fertility, temporally evolving situ performance these roles must not be overlooked. After field application, various factors, such temperature variations, precipitation events microbial activities, can lead fragmentation, dissolution, oxidation, thus causing drastic changes physicochemical properties. Direct monitoring of biochar-amended soils provide good evidence temporal evolution, but this requires long-term trials. Various artificial aging methods, chemical wet–dry cycling mineral modification, have therefore designed mimic natural mechanisms. Here we evaluate science biochar aging, critically summarize aging-induced properties, offer state-of-the-art for simulation approaches. In addition, implications are also considered regarding potential development deployment amendment. We suggest that improved prediction, methods shift from qualitative quantitative Furthermore, preaging may serve synthesize engineered biochars green sustainable applications.

Language: Английский

---

Cadmium stress in plants: A critical review of the effects, mechanisms, and tolerance strategies

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 52(5), P. 675 - 726

Published: Nov. 5, 2020

Cadmium accumulation in crops and the possibility of Cd entering food chain are serious concerns for public health. This review discusses deleterious effects plants tolerance resistance mechanisms that evolved to help mitigate cadmium toxicity. reduces seed germination, early seedling growth, plant biomass. It causes changes photosynthesis, relative water content, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, electrolyte leakage. activates reactive oxygen species induce chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations, DNA damage affect cell cycle division. In response, have applied several adaptive strategies overcome reduce toxic Cd. The primary detoxification exclusion specific parts. Plants also adapt toxicity with signaling pathways regulate survival growth under stress. Other such as synthesis hormones, activation antioxidant system production phytochelatins proline extremely helpful Furthermore, soil microorganisms play a crucial role toward by decreasing metal phytoavailability increasing morphological physiological parameters plant.

Language: Английский

---

Global soil pollution by toxic elements: Current status and future perspectives on the risk assessment and remediation strategies – A review

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 417, P. 126039 - 126039

Published: May 17, 2021

Language: Английский

---

Prediction of Soil Heavy Metal Immobilization by Biochar Using Machine Learning

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 56(7), P. 4187 - 4198

Published: March 15, 2022

Biochar application is a promising strategy for the remediation of contaminated soil, while ensuring sustainable waste management. heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soil primarily depends on properties biochar, and HM. The optimum conditions HM immobilization in biochar-amended soils are site-specific vary among studies. Therefore, generalized approach to predict efficiency required. This study employs machine learning (ML) approaches biochar soils. nitrogen content (0.3–25.9%) rate (0.5–10%) were two most significant features affecting immobilization. Causal analysis showed that empirical categories efficiency, order importance, > experimental properties. this presents new insights into effects can help determine enhanced

Language: Английский

---

New trends in biochar pyrolysis and modification strategies: feedstock, pyrolysis conditions, sustainability concerns and implications for soil amendment

Soil Use and Management, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 36(3), P. 358 - 386

Published: April 11, 2020

Abstract As a waste‐derived soil amendment with long history, biochar has received extensive attention for its capability to improve fertility/health; remove or immobilize contaminants in soil, water and air; mitigate climate change. With the aim of producing engineered biochars excellent performances, new trends pyrolytic production modification strategies have emerged. This review critically summarizes novel pyrolysis methods (e.g., microwave‐assisted pyrolysis, co‐pyrolysis wet pyrolysis) approaches mineral modification, photocatalytic electrochemical modification) focus on (a) mechanisms involved environmental remediation processes including immobilization, contaminant adsorption catalytic oxidation; (b) effects feedstock conditions physicochemical properties; (c) sustainability considerations strategies; (d) feasibility extrapolating results from wastewater treatment remediation. It is argued that order achieve maximum net benefits, ‘greener’ are warranted, risks associated contaminated sorption can be minimized through various co‐pyrolysis). Furthermore, combined emerging synthesize more ‘effective’ biochars. Considering similar aims increase surface area, introduce oxygen‐containing functional groups, aromaticity), applicability several could future expanded adsorption/degradation aqueous media remediation/fertility improvement.

Language: Английский

---

Preparation, environmental application and prospect of biochar-supported metal nanoparticles: A review

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 388, P. 122026 - 122026

Published: Jan. 7, 2020

Language: Английский

---

Metal and Metalloid Toxicity in Plants: An Overview on Molecular Aspects

Plants, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(4), P. 635 - 635

Published: March 27, 2021

Worldwide, the effects of metal and metalloid toxicity are increasing, mainly due to anthropogenic causes. Soil contamination ranks among most important factors, since it affects crop yield, metals/metalloids can enter food chain undergo biomagnification, having concomitant on human health alterations environment. Plants have developed complex mechanisms overcome these biotic abiotic stresses during evolution. Metals metalloids exert several plants generated by elements such as Zn, Cu, Al, Pb, Cd, As, others. The main strategies involve hyperaccumulation, tolerance, exclusion, chelation with organic molecules. Recent studies in omics era increased knowledge plant genome transcriptome plasticity defend against stimuli. aim present review is summarize relevant findings which take up, accumulate, transport, tolerate, respond this metal/metalloid stress. We also address some potential applications biotechnology improve tolerance or increase accumulation.

Language: Английский

---

Iron-modified biochar and water management regime-induced changes in plant growth, enzyme activities, and phytoavailability of arsenic, cadmium and lead in a paddy soil

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 407, P. 124344 - 124344

Published: Oct. 22, 2020

Language: Английский

---