Recommendations for reporting equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations based on long-term pan-European in-situ observations

Environment International, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 185, P. 108553 - 108553

Published: March 1, 2024

A reliable determination of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations derived from filter absorption photometers (FAPs) measurements depends on the appropriate quantification cross-section (MAC) for converting coefficient (babs) to eBC. This study investigates spatial–temporal variability MAC obtained simultaneous elemental (EC) and babs performed at 22 sites. We compared different methodologies retrieving eBC integrating options calculating including: locally derived, median value calculated sites, site-specific rolling MAC. The that underwent correction using these methods were identified as LeBC (local MAC), MeBC (median ReBC (Rolling MAC) respectively. Pronounced differences (up more than 50 %) observed between directly provided by FAPs (NeBC; Nominal instrumental due experimental nominal values. was 7.8 ± 3.4 m2 g-1 12 aethalometers 880 nm, 10.6 4.7 10 MAAPs 637 nm. showed significant site seasonal dependencies, with heterogeneous patterns summer winter in regions. In addition, long-term trend analysis revealed statistically (s.s.) decreasing trends EC. Interestingly, we corresponding corrected are not independent way is NeBC EC consistent sites no Conversely, where s.s. trend, while concentration followed same pattern These results underscore importance accounting variations when deriving emphasize necessity incorporating observations constrain uncertainty associated

Language: Английский

---

Ambient air particulate total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) levels in urban Europe

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 898, P. 165466 - 165466

Published: July 13, 2023

This study aims to picture the phenomenology of urban ambient total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) (including head/throat (HA), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (ALV) regions) based on multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model during 2017-2019 period collected from background (UB, n = 15), traffic (TR, 6), suburban (SUB, 4), regional (RB, 1) monitoring sites in Europe (25) USA (1). Briefly, spatial-temporal distribution characteristics deposition LDSA, including diel, weekly, seasonal patterns, were analyzed. Then, relationship between LDSA other air quality metrics at each site was investigated. The result showed that peak concentrations UB TR are commonly observed morning (06:00-8:00 UTC) late evening (19:00-22:00 UTC), coinciding with rush hours, biomass burning, atmospheric stagnation periods. only night-time peaks weekends. Due variability emission sources meteorology, concentration revealed significant differences (p 0.01) four seasons all sites. Meanwhile, correlations pollutant suggested Aitken accumulation mode particles play a role concentration. results also indicated main proportion is attributed ALV fraction (50 %), followed by TB (34 %) HA (16 %). Overall, this provides valuable information as predictor epidemiological studies for first time presenting variety European environments.

Language: Английский

---

Inter-annual trends of ultrafine particles in urban Europe

Environment International, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 185, P. 108510 - 108510

Published: Feb. 17, 2024

Ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm), have been reported to potentially penetrate deeply into the respiratory system, translocate through alveoli, and affect various organs, correlating increased mortality. The aim of this study is assess long-term trends (5–11 years) in mostly urban UFP concentrations based on measurements particle number size distributions (PNSD). Additionally, other pollutants meteorological variables were evaluated support interpretations. PNSD datasets from 12 background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 3 suburban (SUB) 1 regional (RB) sites 15 European cities USA evaluated. non-parametric Theil-Sen's method was used detect monotonic trends. Meta-analyses carried out overall for different environments. results showed significant decreases NO, NO2, BC, CO, Aitken (25–100 nm) Accumulation (100–800 modes, suggesting a positive impact implementation EURO 5/V 6/VI vehicle standards air quality. growing use Diesel Particle Filters (DPFs) might also clearly reduced exhaust emissions PM, mode particles. However, as by prior studies, there remains an issue poor control Nucleation (smaller than 25 which are not fully current DPFs, without emission controls semi-volatile organic compounds, origins road traffic. Thus, contrasting obtained across studied. This affected total PNC because high proportion both concentration ranges. It found that T increasing influenced PNC, modes.

Language: Английский

---

Source apportionment of fine and ultrafine particle number concentrations in a major city of the Eastern Mediterranean

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 915, P. 170042 - 170042

Published: Jan. 21, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Long term trends in source apportioned particle number concentrations in Rochester NY

Environmental Pollution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 347, P. 123708 - 123708

Published: March 3, 2024

During the past two decades, efforts have been made to further reduce particulate air pollution across New York State through various Federal and policy implementations. Air quality has also affected by economic drivers like 2007–2009 recession changing costs for different approaches electricity generation. Prior work focused on matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm. However, there is interest in effects of ultrafine particles health environment analyses changes particle number concentrations (PNCs) are assess impacts emissions. Particle size distributions measured since 2005. apportionments limited seasonal over a years because software limitation. Thus, it not possible perform trend source-specific PNCs. Recent development now permitted analysis larger data sets using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) including its diagnostics. this study separated analyzed hourly averaged from 2005 2019 into sets; October March April September. Six factors were resolved both sources identified as nucleation, traffic 1, 2, fresh secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), aged SIA, O3-rich aerosol. The resulting PNCs combined provide continuous trends. trends then examined respect implementation regulations timing drivers. Nucleation was strongly reduced requirement ultralow (<15 ppm) sulfur on-road diesel fuel 2006. Secondary show strong summer peaks. Aged SIA constant declined substantially 2015 but rose 2019. Traffic 1 2 steadily bur

Language: Английский

---

Particle number size distributions and concentrations in transportation environments: a review

Environment International, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 187, P. 108696 - 108696

Published: April 25, 2024

Ambient air ultrafine particles (UFP, with a diameter <100 nm) have gained significant attention in World Health Organization (WHO) quality guidelines and European legislation.This review explores UFP concentrations particle number size distributions (PNC-PNSD) various transportation hotspots, including road traffic, airports, harbors, trains, urban commuting modes (walking, cycling, bus, tram, subway).The results highlight the lack of information on personal exposure at harbors railway stations, inside airplanes during other modes.The different lower limits reviewed measurements complicate direct comparisons between them.Emphasizing use instruments detection ≤10 nm, this underscores necessity following standardized measurement protocols.Road traffic sites are shown to exhibit highest PNC within cities, PNSD driven by proximity weather conditions.In closed environments, such as cars, buses, trams, increased external infiltration for ventilation correlates elevated shift toward smaller diameters.Airports particularly PNCs near runways, raising potential concerns about occupational exposure.Recommendations from study include maintaining substantial distance modes, integrating filtration into systems, implementing lowemission zones, advocating general reduction minimize daily exposure.Our findings provide important insights policy assessments underscore need additional research address current knowledge gaps.

Language: Английский

---

Population exposure to outdoor NO₂, black carbon, and ultrafine and fine particles over Paris with multi-scale modelling down to the street scale

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 3363 - 3387

Published: March 20, 2025

Abstract. This study focuses on mapping the concentrations of pollutants interest to health (NO2, black carbon (BC), PM2.5, and particle number concentration (PNC)) down street scale represent population exposure outdoor at residences. Simulations are performed over area Greater Paris with WRF-CHIMERE/MUNICH/SSH-aerosol chain, using either top-down inventory EMEP or bottom-up Airparif, correction traffic flow. The higher in streets than regional-scale urban background, due strong influence road emissions locally. Model-to-observation comparisons were background stations evaluated two performance criteria from literature. For BC, harmonized equivalent BC (eBC) estimated concomitant measurements eBC elemental carbon. Using corrected flow, strictest met for NO2, eBC, PNC. inventory, also but errors tend be larger lower along those simulated especially NO2 concentrations, resulting fewer heterogeneities. impact size distribution non-exhaust was analysed both regional local scales, it is heavy-traffic streets. To assess exposure, a French database detailing inhabitants each building used. population-weighted (PWC) calculated by weighting populations which they exposed precise location their home. An scaling factor (ESF) determined pollutant estimate ratio needed correct order exposure. average ESF ring 1 PNC because modelled scale. It indicates that Parisian underestimated concentrations. Although this underestimation low an 1.04, very high (1.26), (between 1.22 1.24), (1.12). shows heterogeneities important considered less so PM2.5.

Language: Английский

---

The application of positive matrix factorization with diagnostics to BIG DATA

Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 240, P. 104885 - 104885

Published: June 21, 2023

Over the past decade, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) has become most commonly used tool for source apportionment of air pollutants with a large fraction those studies using implementation developed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-PMF) and its very useful diagnostic tools. During same period, more are utilizing monitoring tools that provide hourly or even higher time resolution data leading to sets (millions points). Because nature graphic user interface in EPA-PMF, it cannot handle than approximately half million points. Thus, alternative approaches needed permit these larger be analyzed still able outputs better interpretations results. We have protocol use multilinear engine (ME-2) is solver EPA-PMF make such analyses. Here we report how this approach present results representative set particle size distributions obtained Rochester, New York between 2008 2019.

Language: Английский

---

Long-term trends of black carbon and particle number concentrations and their vehicle emission factors in Stockholm

Environmental Pollution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 347, P. 123734 - 123734

Published: March 6, 2024

Black carbon (BC) and particle number (PN) concentrations are usually high in cities due to traffic emissions. European mitigation policies, including Euro emission standards, have been implemented curb these We analyzed BC PN (particle diameter Dp > 4 nm) Stockholm spanning the years 2013–2019 2009–2019 measured at street canyon rooftop sites assess effectiveness of policies. Combining data with inverse dispersion modeling, we estimated factors (EFBC EFPN) for mixed fleet, reflecting real-world driving conditions. The pollutants showed decreasing trends both sites, but remained site considering World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. declined more rapidly than concentrations, showing a −9.4% −4.9% annual decrease −7.2% −0.5% 2013–2019. EFBC EFPN that strategies reducing particulate emissions on-road vehicles were successful over study period. However, introduction biofuels vehicle fleet —ethanol later rapeseed methyl ester (RME)— increased particles < 10 nm before adoption filters exhausts. Stricter regulations, especially diesel (DPF) 5, 6, VI vehicles, led 66% 55% EFPN. Real-world surpassed HBEFA (Handbook Emission Factors Road Transport) database values by 2.4–4.8 times; however, direct comparisons between difficult differences lower cut-off sizes measurement techniques. Our results underscore necessity revising database, updating laboratory testing methods portable measuring systems (PEMS) measurements account liquid condensate contributions measurements.

Language: Английский

---

Source apportionment of ultrafine particles in urban Europe

Environment International, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 194, P. 109149 - 109149

Published: Nov. 15, 2024

Language: Английский

---