In
this
work,
we
introduce
twenty-six
phenothiazine
derivatives
(PTZs)
that
were
designed
and
synthesized
as
visible
light
photoinitiators.
These
compounds,
in
combination
with
an
amine
[ethyl
4-(dimethylamino)benzoate
(EDB)]
iodonium
salt
[di-tert-butylphenyl
hexafluorophosphate
(Iod)],
could
furnish
high-performance
three-component
(PTZs/EDB/Iod)
photoinitiating
systems
employed
for
the
free
radical
polymerization
of
thick
films
a
low-viscosity
model
acrylate
resin,
namely,
trimethylolpropane
triacrylate
(TMPTA)
under
sunlight
exposure.
A
commercial
thioxanthone,
i.e.,
isopropylthioxanthone
(ITX)
was
selected
to
design
reference
ITX/EDB/Iod
system.
Double
bond
conversions
87%
76%
measured
developed
405
450
nm
light-emitting
diode
irradiation,
respectively,
conversion
high
70%
be
determined
irradiation─about
23
times
higher
than
obtained
comparable
system
prepared
photoinitiator.
The
relevant
photoinitiation
abilities
photochemical
mechanisms
are
comprehensively
investigated
by
techniques
including
real-time
Fourier
transform
infrared
spectroscopy,
UV–visible
absorption
fluorescence
steady-state
photolysis,
cyclic
voltammetry,
electron
paramagnetic
resonance.
Notably,
exceptional
performance
photoinitiators
enabled
fabrication
3D
objects
precise
morphology
superior
resolution
through
printing
direct
laser
write
techniques.
findings
not
only
provide
opportunities
efficient
artificial
natural
conditions
but
also
pave
way
scalable,
cost-effective,
environmentally
sustainable,
green
chemistry-driven
curing
applications.
ACS Applied Polymer Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
6(9), P. 5566 - 5575
Published: May 2, 2024
Photopolymerization
is
a
burgeoning
technology
with
wide
range
of
applications
from
coatings
and
inks
to
nanotechnology.
The
development
photosensitized
systems
that
can
work
at
long
wavelengths
safety
environmental
friendliness,
such
as
visible
light-emitting
diodes
near
infrared
light,
essential.
In
this
study,
series
ketone
dyes
containing
heteroatom/heterocyclic
substituents
were
designed
on
the
basis
carbazole–coumarin
backbone
compare
aryl
ring-substituted
ones.
photophysical
photochemical
properties
studied
by
UV–vis
spectroscopy,
time-dependent
density
functional
theory
calculations,
fluorescence
steady-state
photolysis.
potential
application
in
one/two-photon
polymerization
was
investigated.
Results
showed
introduction
heterocycles/heteroatoms
has
considerable
influence
absorption
dyes.
CCK–Th,
which
contains
thiophene
substitute,
exhibits
most
excellent
light
well
fastest
reaction
efficiency
amine
additives.
Notably,
when
comparing
two-photon
lithography
capability,
photoresist
0.1
wt
%
achieve
writing
speed
46
mm
s–1,
high
sensitivity,
about
two
times
benzene
CCK–Ben.
addition,
CCK–Th
shows
outstanding
ability
construct
complex
three-dimensional
patterns.
These
modified
CCKs
show
great
nanotechnology,
additive
manufacturing,
optoelectronics
provide
design
concepts
for
photoinitiators.
Organic Letters,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 9, 2025
Thioxanthone
synthesis
from
o-silylaryl
triflates
and
thioureas
is
disclosed.
Double
aryne
insertion
into
the
C═S
double
bond
of
subsequent
hydrolysis
realized
facile
preparation
thioxanthones.
A
simple
reaction
procedure
good
accessibility
allowed
us
to
synthesize
a
wide
range
highly
functionalized
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16(1)
Published: May 5, 2025
Facile
and
real-time
visualization
monitoring
of
photocuring
process
is
a
challenge.
Base
on
the
fact
that
pure
organic
room-temperature
phosphorescence
(RTP)
quite
sensitive
easy
to
be
regulated
via
internal
rigidity
changes
surrounding
environments
phosphore
dyes,
competitive
candidates
with
advantageous
RTP
are
brought
into
fields
4D
printing
materials.
Herein,
we
have
put
forward
strategy
introduce
phosphors
materials
because
rigidity-increasing
liquid-to-solid
transformation.
Based
this,
obtained
luminescent
curing
films
achieve
emission
full-color
display
blue,
green,
orange.
Visible
can
realized
by
observations
phosphorescent
changes,
thus
allowing
recording
speed,
environment,
conversion
during
process.
Moreover,
these
successfully
complete
shape-memory
process,
demonstrating
continuous
dynamic
deformation
in
fabricated
2D
(the
flower-pattern
film)
3D
spaceman
pandas)
vivid
emission.
Especially,
further
regulations
realize
significant
We
believe
this
discovery
replacement
opens
door
extension
field
more
sophisticated
morphing
printing.
Macromolecules,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Oct. 17, 2024
New
advanced
iodonium
salts
based
on
stilbene
chromophores
with
significantly
improved
photoinitiating
properties
are
presented.
The
extended
conjugated
double
bond
system
provides
major
improvement
in
quantum
yield
of
superacid
generation
(up
to
10
times
higher
compared
benzylidene-based
salts)
while
maintaining
absorption
UV-A
and
visible
light.
newly
developed
exhibit
activity
toward
cationically
polymerizable
monomers
such
as
cyclic
epoxy
(e.g.,
3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl
3,4-epoxycyclohexane-carboxylate
(CADE)),
oxetanes
bis[1-ethyl(3-oxetanyl)]methyl
ether
(OXT-221))
glycidyl
diglycidyl
bisphenol
A
(DGEBA))
under
the
irradiation
by
light-emitting
diodes
(LEDs)
emitting
at
365,
405
even
430
nm,
no
additives.
Commonly
used
diaryliodonium
photoinitiators
inactive
those
wavelengths.
Moreover,
some
new
also
able
photoinitiate
free
radical
photopolymerization
acrylate
monomers,
trimethylolpropane
triacrylate
(TMPTA).
Such
high
allows
these
be
one-component
cationic
vat
3D
printing
nanocomposites
ambient
temperature.
resolution
prints
was
limited
mainly
DLP
printer
slight
signs
overpolymerization.
ChemistrySelect,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
9(39)
Published: Oct. 1, 2024
Abstract
Given
the
ongoing
advancements
in
photopolymerization
technology,
there
is
an
imperative
need
to
develop
novel
free
radical
photoinitiators
(PIs)
with
long‐wavelength
absorbance
and
low
migration.
To
meet
demand
for
visible
light
photopolymerization,
four
ketone
derivatives
(PHMOs)
were
synthesized
this
study
via
a
one‐step
reaction.
By
constructing
push‐pull
structure,
maximum
absorption
wavelength
of
new
PIs
was
red‐shifted
vicinity
400
nm,
satisfying
requirement
excitation.
The
one‐component
photoinitiation
effect
PHMOs
under
comparable
that
Irgacure
1173,
among
which
photopolymerisation
performance
PHMO‐2
significantly
superior
1173.
two‐component
photoinitiaton
system
composed
by
addition
hydrogen
donor
improved.
PHMO‐1
successfully
used
3D
printing
produce
well‐defined
printed
products.
photolysis
mechanism
investigated
steady‐state
electron
spin
resonance
test.
In
addition,
had
good
solubility,
thermal
stability
biosafety.
Attributed
presence
double
bonds,
These
excellent
properties
indicated
desirable
potential
applications
field
polymerization.
