Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 29

Published: May 5, 2025

Probiotics have received widespread attention for their unique physiological functions, such as promoting digestion and absorption of nutrients, modulating the immune system, inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms. However, probiotics face severe challenges in terms stability viability practical applications, environmental factors like acid, osmotic pressure, temperature, oxidation bile salts, which make it difficult to maintain sufficient numbers when they are delivered target location. Therefore, some technical protection is needed improve adhesion gastrointestinal tract minimize damage probiotic products during processing, transportation handling. We review underlying mechanisms by exert well various strategies enhance tolerance, especially traditional production methods modification genetic pathways. In addition, application tolerogenic fermented foods clinical medicine discussed. Through in-depth analysis potential function tolerance enhancement, not only provide theoretical support probiotics, but also pave way development functional innovative human disease treatment strategies.

Language: Английский