Spontaneous
activity
is
a
hallmark
of
developing
neural
systems.
In
the
retina,
spontaneous
comes
in
form
retinal
waves,
comprised
three
stages
persisting
from
embryonic
day
16
(E16)
to
eye
opening
at
postnatal
14
(P14).
Though
waves
have
been
well
characterized,
little
known
about
spatiotemporal
properties
or
mechanisms
mediating
designated
stage
1
waves.
Using
custom-built
macroscope
record
calcium
transients
whole
retinas,
we
show
that
are
initiated
several
locations
across
retina
and
propagate
broad
range
areas.
Blocking
gap
junctions
reduced
frequency
size
nearly
abolishing
them.
Global
blockade
nAChRs
similarly
abolished
Thus,
mediated
by
complex
circuitry
involving
subtypes
junctions.
Stage
mice
lacking
β2
subunit
(β2-nAChR-KO)
persisted
with
altered
propagation
were
junction
blocker.
To
assay
impact
on
development,
compared
spatial
distribution
subtype
ganglion
cells,
intrinsically
photosensitive
cells
(ipRGCs),
which
undergo
significant
amount
cell
death,
WT
β2-nAChR-KO
mice.
We
found
developmental
decrease
ipRGC
density
preserved
between
mice,
indicating
processes
regulating
numbers
distributions
not
influenced
activity.
Current Biology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
34(3), P. R102 - R116
Published: Feb. 1, 2024
Precise
synaptic
connectivity
is
a
prerequisite
for
the
function
of
neural
circuits,
yet
individual
neurons,
taken
out
their
developmental
context,
readily
form
unspecific
synapses.
How
does
genome
encode
brain
wiring
in
light
this
apparent
contradiction?
Synaptic
specificity
outcome
long
series
processes
and
mechanisms
before,
during
after
synapse
formation.
much
promiscuity
permissible
or
necessary
at
moment
partner
choice
depends
on
extent
to
which
prior
development
restricts
available
partners
subsequent
corrects
initially
made
can
thereby
play
important
roles
precise
connectivity,
but
also
facilitate
flexibility
robustness.
In
review,
we
assess
experimental
evidence
prevalence
promiscuous
formation
development.
Many
well-established
approaches
are
based
genetic
perturbation
an
assessment
only
adult;
make
it
difficult
pinpoint
when
given
defect
mechanism
occurred.
many
cases,
such
studies
reveal
that
restrict
availability
already
Subsequently,
choice,
factors
including
competency,
interaction
dynamics
molecular
recognition
further
partners.
The
discussion
through
lens
suggests
algorithmic
process
neurons
capable
continuously
prevented
from
making
wrong
choices,
with
no
single
time
point
sufficient
explain
outcome.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Oct. 13, 2023
A
catalog
of
neuronal
cell
types
has
often
been
called
a
"parts
list"
the
brain,
and
regarded
as
prerequisite
for
understanding
brain
function.
In
optic
lobe
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: March 11, 2021
Across
the
animal
kingdom,
macrophages
are
known
for
their
functions
in
innate
immunity,
but
they
also
play
key
roles
development
and
homeostasis.
Recent
insights
from
single
cell
profiling
other
approaches
invertebrate
model
organism
Drosophila
melanogaster
reveal
substantial
diversity
among
(plasmatocytes).
Together
with
vertebrate
studies
that
show
genuine
expression
signatures
of
based
on
organ
microenvironments,
it
is
expected
macrophage
functional
shaped
by
anatomical
locations
systemic
conditions.
In
vivo
evidence
diverse
has
already
been
well
established
genetics:
various
aspects
organogenesis,
including
embryogenesis
nervous,
digestive,
reproductive
systems.
Macrophages
further
maintain
homeostasis
systems
promote
regeneration
following
damage
injury.
The
interdependence
interplay
tissues
local
populations
have
implications
understanding
principles
a
wide
range
species.
Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
142, P. 67 - 80
Published: June 7, 2022
After
the
generation,
differentiation
and
integration
into
functional
circuitry,
post-mitotic
neurons
continue
to
change
certain
phenotypic
properties
throughout
postnatal
juvenile
stages
until
an
animal
has
reached
a
fully
mature
state
in
adulthood.
We
will
discuss
such
changes
context
of
nervous
system
nematode
C.
elegans,
focusing
on
recent
descriptions
anatomical
molecular
that
accompany
postembryonic
maturation
neurons.
summarize
characterization
genetic
timer
mechanisms
control
these
temporal
transitions
or
maturational
changes,
many
but
not
all
relate
sexual
animal.
describe
how
temporal,
spatial
sex-determination
pathways
are
intertwined
sculpt
emergence
cell-type
specific
events.
Finally,
we
lay
out
several
unresolved
questions
should
be
addressed
move
field
forward,
both
elegans
vertebrates.
Neuron,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
109(11), P. 1836 - 1847.e5
Published: April 28, 2021
Mature
behaviors
emerge
from
neural
circuits
sculpted
by
genetic
programs
and
spontaneous
evoked
activity.
However,
how
activity
is
refined
to
drive
maturation
of
learned
behavior
remains
poorly
understood.
Here,
we
explore
transient
hormonal
signaling
coordinates
a
state
transition
associative
learning.
We
identify
spontaneous,
asynchronous
in
Drosophila
learning
memory
brain
region,
the
mushroom
body.
This
declines
significantly
over
first
week
adulthood.
Moreover,
this
generated
cell-autonomously
via
Cacophony
voltage-gated
calcium
channels
single
cell
type,
α'/β'
Kenyon
cells.
Juvenile
hormone,
crucial
developmental
regulator,
acts
transiently
cells
during
young
adult
sensitive
period
downregulate
enable
subsequent
enhanced
Hormone
animals
therefore
controls
required
for
improved
learning,
providing
insight
into
behavior.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: June 28, 2023
The
formation
of
precise
numbers
neuronal
connections,
known
as
synapses,
is
crucial
for
brain
function.
Therefore,
synaptogenesis
mechanisms
have
been
one
the
main
focuses
neuroscience.
Immunohistochemistry
a
common
tool
visualizing
synapses.
Thus,
quantifying
synapses
from
light
microscopy
images
enables
screening
impacts
experimental
manipulations
on
synapse
development.
Despite
its
utility,
this
approach
paired
with
low
throughput
analysis
methods
that
are
challenging
to
learn
and
results
variable
between
experimenters,
especially
when
analyzing
noisy
tissue.
We
developed
an
open-source
ImageJ-based
software,
SynBot,
address
these
technical
bottlenecks
by
automating
analysis.
SynBot
incorporates
advanced
algorithms
ilastik
SynQuant
accurate
thresholding
synaptic
puncta
identification,
code
can
easily
be
modified
users.
use
software
will
allow
rapid
reproducible
phenotypes
in
healthy
diseased
nervous
systems.