Ecosphere, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(9)

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Abstract The factors that enable the coexistence of closely related species remain a major question in ecology, particularly human‐disturbed habitats. effects anthropogenic disturbance and interspecific competition can exacerbate decline populations competing species. adoption different strategies responding to disturbances competitive avoidances may create opportunities for coexist. However, few studies have explored how interact shape coexistence. In this study, we conducted long‐term large‐scale camera trap surveys comprising 540 sampling sites from 2017 2021 at Xishuangbanna, southwestern China, deployed spatiotemporal analysis framework determine effect on three sympatric macaque species: Assamese ( Macaca assamensis ; MA), northern pig‐tailed M. leonina ML), rhesus mulatta MM). Macaque exhibited diverse responses types disturbances. occurrence probability MM was positively associated with distance road relative abundance human occurrence, negatively cropland, which reduces likelihood sympatry between other two due their opposing road, occurrence. Conversely, similar cropland increase MA ML. Three did not avoid each through shifting space use or overall daily activity pattern. they delayed using shared site after used it confrontation. We provide evidence (1) spatial co‐occurrence pattern determined by rather than avoidance (2) fine‐scale temporary is strategy alleviate competition. These results enhance our understanding underlying mechanisms leading nonhuman primates

Language: Английский