Delivery of natural products via polysaccharide-based nanocarriers for cancer therapy: A review on recent advances and future challenges

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 278, P. 135072 - 135072

Published: Aug. 25, 2024

Language: Английский

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Clinical applications of STING agonists in cancer immunotherapy: current progress and future prospects

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Oct. 2, 2024

The STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) pathway is pivotal in activating innate immunity, making it a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. agonists have shown potential enhancing immune responses, particularly tumors resistant to traditional therapies. This scholarly review examines the diverse categories agonists, encompassing CDN analogues, non-CDN chemotypes, CDN-infused exosomes, engineered bacterial vectors, and hybrid structures small molecules-nucleic acids. We highlight their mechanisms, clinical trial progress, therapeutic outcomes. While these agents offer significant promise, challenges such as toxicity, tumor heterogeneity, delivery methods remain obstacles broader use. Ongoing research innovation are essential overcoming hurdles. could play transformative role treatment, patients with hard-to-treat malignancies, by harnessing body's system eliminate cells.

Language: Английский

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Metal‐Organic Framework‐Based Nanomedicines for Ferroptotic Cancer Therapy

Advanced Healthcare Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(11)

Published: Jan. 14, 2024

Abstract As an iron‐dependent, non‐apoptosis, regulated cell death (RCD) modality, ferroptosis has gained growing attention for cancer therapy. With the development of nanomaterials in biomedical field, ferroptotic nanomedicine is extensively investigated. Amongst various nanomaterials, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are hybridized porous materials consisting metal ions or clusters bridged by organic linkers. The superior properties MOFs, such as high porosity and cargo loading, ease surface modification, good biocompatibility, make them appealing inducing sensitizing death. There remarkable achievements field MOF‐based However, this topic not reviewed. This review will introduce fundamentals MOF machinery, summarize recent progress anticancer drug delivery, discuss benefits problems MOFs vehicles sensitizers ferroptosis, provide perspective on future research direction promising field.

Language: Английский

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Cyanine dyes in the mitochondria-targeting photodynamic and photothermal therapy

Communications Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Aug. 13, 2024

Abstract Mitochondrial dysregulation plays a significant role in the carcinogenesis. On other hand, its destabilization strongly represses viability and metastatic potential of cancer cells. Photodynamic photothermal therapies (PDT PTT) target mitochondria effectively, providing innovative non-invasive anticancer therapeutic modalities. Cyanine dyes, with strong mitochondrial selectivity, show enhancing PDT PTT. The limitations cyanine dyes for PTT are discussed, along their applications combination therapies, theranostic techniques, optimal delivery systems. Additionally, novel approaches sonodynamic therapy using photoactive presented, highlighting advances treatment.

Language: Английский

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Hyaluronic acid-conjugated lipid nanocarriers in advancing cancer therapy: A review

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 299, P. 140146 - 140146

Published: Jan. 20, 2025

Language: Английский

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Recent advances in hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels for diabetic wound healing

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 304, P. 140797 - 140797

Published: Feb. 7, 2025

Language: Английский

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Hyaluronic acid based approaches for wound healing: A comprehensive review

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 141625 - 141625

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Camptothecin-based prodrug nanomedicines for cancer therapy

Nanoscale, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(44), P. 17658 - 17697

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Camptothecin (CPT) is a cytotoxic alkaloid that attenuates the replication of cancer cells via blocking DNA topoisomerase 1.

Language: Английский

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Acid-sensitive prodrugs; a promising approach for site-specific and targeted drug release

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 276, P. 116699 - 116699

Published: July 20, 2024

Drugs administered through conventional formulations are devoid of targeting and often spread to various undesired sites, leading sub-lethal concentrations at the site action emergence effects. Hence, therapeutic agents should be delivered in a controlled manner target sites. Currently, stimuli-based drug delivery systems have demonstrated remarkable potential for site-specific moieties. pH is one widely exploited stimuli as several pathogenic conditions such tumor cells, infectious inflammatory sites characterized by low environment. This review article aims demonstrate strategies employed design acid-sensitive prodrugs, providing an overview commercially available prodrugs. Furthermore, we compiled progress made development new prodrugs currently undergoing clinical trials. These include albumin-binding (Aldoxorubicin DK049), polymeric micelle (NC-6300), polymer conjugates (ProLindac™), immunoconjugate (IMMU-110). The encompasses broad spectrum studies focused on anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory agents. Finally, challenges associated with prodrug strategy discussed, along future directions.

Language: Английский

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Revisiting immune checkpoint inhibitors: new strategies to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Dec. 10, 2024

In recent years, ICIs have transformed cancer treatment by harnessing the body's immune system to target and destroy cells [1][2][3]. work blocking inhibitory signals that prevent T from attacking tumors, thereby reactivating response against cancer. The most common targets for these therapies are PD-1/PD-L1 CTLA-4 pathways, which critical in regulating responses [4]. By inhibiting drugs like nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab shown remarkable efficacy treating cancers such as melanoma, non-small cell lung (NSCLC), renal carcinomaFor example, a PD -1 inhibitor, has been breakthrough of melanoma. large -scale clinical trial involving patients with advanced nivolumab led significant improvement overall survival, approximately 40% surviving more than five years compared less 20% traditional chemotherapy [5]. Pembrolizumab, another non -small (NSCLC). phase III trial, it demonstrated an objective rate around -30% previously treated since incorporated into first -line regimens, improving survival outcomes quality life many [6]. Ipilimumab, CTLA -4 had transformative impact on metastatic It was drug show benefit this difficult -to -treat cancer, increasing median time several months providing new option limited alternatives [7,8]. While range cancers, including melanoma their potential bone tumors remains underexplored. Addressing gap, article also considers strategies tailored enhance ICI specifically tumor casesThese examples clearly illustrate success different types ability revolutionize treatment. underexplored.Addressing cases.These particularly revolutionary were treat, offering long-term remission some patients. However, despite successes, not universally effective. Many do respond treatment, those who may develop resistance over [9]. Additionally, activation can lead severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs), affect various organs require careful management [10]. challenges suboptimal toxicity highlight need refined use ICIs. Personalized approaches, combination therapies, development next-generation improved specificity safety profiles essential maximizing therapeutic treatments.Despite ICIs, is accompanied challenges.One foremost issues variable among individuals experience dramatic long-lasting regression, others at all, phenomenon known primary Even responders, subset acquired time, leading progression after initial period [11].Another challenge occurrence irAEs. These toxicities arise multiple organs, skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, endocrine [12]. IrAEs mild be life-threatening, necessitating immunosuppressive treatments might diminish anti-tumor [13]. Furthermore, high cost presents barrier access, limiting availability broader patient populationAdditionally, major hurdle. Primary resistance, where start, attributed factors. Tumors low immunogenicity, due lack -specific antigens or suppressive microenvironment rich regulatory (Tregs) myeloid -derived suppressor (MDSCs), effective infiltration [14]. Genetic alterations within cells, mutations interferongamma pathway genes, [15]. Acquired develops initially responsive patients, involve upregulation alternative checkpoint TIM -3 LAG -3, compensate blocked -1/PD -L1 pathways [16]. Tumor adapt losing expression developing mechanisms evade recognition, through antigenpresentation machinery defects [17]. Understanding underlying crucial sets stage later discussion emerging overcome resistance. population [18]. underscore urgent predict response, manage toxicity, reduce costs, optimizing application therapy.ICIs targeting become integral modern therapy [19,20]. PD-1 inhibitors, interaction between its ligand PD-L1 reinvigorating attack [21]. inhibitors substantial carcinoma. Similarly, dampen responses, context [22]. Despite all therapies. Response rates vary significantly, being resistant factors, genetic [23]. Bone osteosarcoma, present unique immunotherapy complex [24]. This explores how approaches could potentially barriers, while outlook they curative portion eventually [25]. limitations ongoing research refine improve rates.The introduction marked advancement therapy, but associated distinct set Unlike chemotherapy-induced toxicities, irAEs result overactivation begins only healthy tissues [26]. almost any organ system, commonly impacted glands [27].Dermatologic rash pruritus, frequent irAEs, often appearing early [28]. Gastrointestinal colitis diarrhea, severe, life-threatening complications if promptly managed [29]. Hepatotoxicity, manifesting elevated liver enzymes hepatitis, concern requires monitoring sometimes cessation [30]. Endocrine thyroiditis, adrenal insufficiency, hypophysitis, hormonal imbalances, hormone replacement therapy. Pulmonary pneumonitis, life-threatening. Cardiovascular neurological though rare, occur pose serious risks.The involves corticosteroids other immunosuppressants mitigate [31]. approach compromise creating delicate balance controlling maintaining benefit. unpredictability nature close monitoring, intervention, selective minimize off-target effects. As continues expand, understanding managing will outcomes.Biomarker-guided represents promising enhancing tailoring characteristics each patient's [32]. Biomarkers expression, mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI) identified predictors For better making factor selection acknowledged factors influence instance, presence microenvironment, Tregs MDSCs, [33]. interferon -gamma sensitivity even levels [34]. Therefore, comprehensive evaluation takes account accurate prediction.Similarly, burden, reflects number tumor's DNA, correlated increased neoantigen formation, system's recognize [35]. Microsatellite instability, condition hypermutability, serves biomarker colorectal [36].By utilizing biomarkers, clinicians accurately identify likely thus outcomes. Currently, there efforts standardize assessment biomarkers. Several professional organizations consortia working towards establishing unified testing methods criteria evaluation. includes standardizing assays used measure TMB, MSI, well defining cut -off values determining positivity [37][38][39].Standardization would reproducibility generalizability -guided strategies. If laboratories clinics inconsistent methods, varying results inaccurate selection. With standardized assessment, reliability -based decisions improve, allowing implementation personalized medicine focused discovering biomarkers refining existing ones, future.Combination emerged powerful strategy [40]. combining modalities, chemotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, possible achieve robust durable [41]. rationale behind combinations lies synergistic effects achieved when complementary involved growth evasion.For radiotherapy induce immunogenic death, increases release enhances subsequent paired [42]. Targeted angiogenesis specific oncogenic modify susceptible immunemediated destruction. simultaneously block checkpoints, tumor.Recent trials showing extended monotherapy [43]. challenges, complexity [44]. continued exploration holds promise adequately alone.Optimizing dosing scheduling minimizing toxicities. Traditional regimens fixed doses schedules individual variability metabolism [45]. Emerging evidence suggests strategies, intermittent dose reductions, maintain reducing risk allow tolerable comorbidities lower tolerance treatment.In addition optimization, adjusting timing administration explored way administering conjunction treatments, intervals taking advantage immunomodulatory [46]. relation circadian rhythms cycles area active research, further optimal results. represent avenues effectiveness therapy.Selective engineering [47]. effective, broad system. To address this, researchers nextgeneration designed precisely sparing tissues.One enhanced affinity tumor-specific altered proteins predominantly expressed microenvironment. reduces minimizes higher without [48].In selectivity, advances protein enabling creation optimized pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics [49]. engineered longer half-lives, greater stability, controlled activation, dosing. bispecific antibodies two checkpoints combine inhibition immune-stimulating functions increase potency innovations paving safer immunotherapies, hope benefited treatments.Immune modulation aim preserving [50]. One agents excessive cause blunt desired activation. Researchers exploring modulators selectively compromising [51].In pharmacological interventions, modulate effectively. promote immune-regulating extent [52].These still stages hold tolerable, side effects.Effective components inhibitor (ICI) Given systems, detection intervention complications. Routine receiving should include regular assessments symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging studies detect [53]. Early identification allows prompt management, adjustments, temporary discontinuation initiation control inflammation.A multidisciplinary required diverse Involvement specialists, endocrinologists, gastroenterologists, pulmonologists, help [54]. education plays role aware signs symptoms importance reporting them healthcare team. proactive communication earlier interventions outcomes.Long-term essential, late course ended. Continued follow-up ensures delayed appropriately health maintained.By integrating protocols approach, maximize benefits risks, ultimately therapy.In article, we explore aimed biomarker-guided scheduling, summarized Table 1. table provides concise overview key intended outcomes, illustrating both Enhanced ICIs.Maximizing schedules.Minimized designing antigens, reduced irAEs.Balancing suppression corticosteroids, modulators, strategic ICIs.The future overcoming current expanding treatments. offer selectivity [55]. Advances biotechnology antibodies, molecules, novel provide broaden applicability wider currently therapies.In development, ICIsImportantly, positive -effectiveness developed, lines costlier. ensure prescribed benefit, avoiding unnecessary costs -responders. [56]. identifying molecular contribute restore integration practice ensuring receive based characteristics.Another direction sequencing Optimizing evolve, growing interest non-cancer indications, opening frontiers autoimmune diseases chronic infections. Together, shape cornerstone precision oncology.In summary, revolutionized presenting limitations. Ongoing dosing, ICIs.By effectively integrated patients.The hinges collaborative researchers, clinicians, industry leaders. fully realize prioritize mechanisms, precise profiles. Clinicians must adopt training professionals stay informed about latest advancements fostering innovation, collaboration, education, oncology community accessible beneficial act now, refinement shaping treatment.The refinements poised significantly continue aspects biology. promises expand enable safely developments pave paradigms focus disease increasingly rely comprehensive, patient-specific life.

Language: Английский

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