As
a
high-performance
polymer
material,
conductive
hydrogels
are
widely
employed
in
the
fields
of
motion
monitoring,
electronic
skin,
and
energy
storage
devices,
which
rely
on
flexible
materials,
including
hydrogel,
elastomer,
composite
hydrogel.
However,
preparing
hydrogel
with
excellent
mechanical
properties
is
great
challenge.
Inspired
by
structure
crocodile
trilayer
was
prepared.
The
three
layers
were
Ecoflex
poly(acrylamide-2-hydroxyethyl
methacrylate)
(PAAm-HEMA)
graphene/2-hydroxyethyl
methacrylate
(G/PHEMA)
respectively.
Covalent
bonds
generated
photochemical
reaction
between
elastomer
Eco
P(AAm-HEMA)
also
formed
G/PHEMA
chemical
N,N′-methylenebis(2-propenamide),
worked
as
cross-linking
agent;
hydrogen
bonding
these
two
formed.
These
physical
interactions
provided
firm
prevented
interlayer
slippage
under
an
external
force.
G/PHEMA-P(AAm-HEMA)-Eco
possessed
high
fracture
stress
elongation
at
break
up
to
2.1
MPa
1305%,
conductivity
0.028
S/m
attributed
incorporation
graphene
network
Based
electrical
conductivity,
this
applied
sensor
detect
human
signals.
results
indicate
that
represents
promising
paving
way
for
innovative
applications
next-generation
devices.
ACS Sensors,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
9(10), P. 5322 - 5332
Published: Oct. 15, 2024
Hydrogels
based
on
borate
ester
bonds
exhibit
remarkable
tensile
strength
and
self-healing
ability,
which
make
them
a
promising
material
for
various
biological
research
strain
sensor
applications.
However,
in
order
to
meet
the
practical
application
of
hydrogel
sensors,
they
must
also
show
high
conductivity,
frost
resistance,
proper
adhesion,
is
still
continuous
challenge.
Herein,
triple
network
was
prepared
using
poly(vinyl
alcohol)
(PVA)
as
first
network,
ethylene
imine
polymer
(PEI)
second
poly(acrylamide-
ACS Applied Polymer Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
6(16), P. 9940 - 9951
Published: Aug. 12, 2024
Flexible
and
strain-sensing
smart
materials
have
received
significant
attention
from
researchers
due
to
their
potential
use
in
human
motion
detection,
soft
robotics,
epidermis
sensors,
energy
storage
devices,
etc.
However,
low
mechanical
strength,
range
sensitivity,
high
time
response,
antifatigue
resistance
hampered
the
application
of
previously
fabricated
materials.
Herein,
a
malonic
acid
(MA)-reinforced
hydrogel
was
prepared
through
one-pot-free
radical
polymerization,
which
MA
makes
bridge
by
connecting
hydrophobically
associated
polyacrylamide
(PAmm)
polydodecyl
methacrylate
(PDDMA)
physical
cross-linking.
Ethyl-hexadecyl
dimethylammonium
bromide
(EHDDAB),
cationic
surfactant,
is
used
ensure
formation
micelles.
The
micelles
polymer
chains
are
bridged
via
interactions
electrostatic
charge
enhanced
dicarboxylic
groups
present
on
molecules.
Notable
strength
observed
for
MA4
with
2102%
strain,
2.36
MPa
stress,
excellent
cyclic
stability.
At
500%
suggests
sensitivity
tensile
as
indicated
its
gauge
factor
6.9
fast
response
recovery
time.
Meanwhile,
ionic
conductivity
after
addition
LiCl
calculated
0.20
S/m.
Furthermore,
practical
applications
were
detection
different
motions
like
finger
bending,
wrist
movement,
elbow
knee
movements.
Similarly,
small
physiological
larynx
vibration
detected
speaking,
coughing,
drinking
water.
an
electronic
pen
showed
responses
multiple
languages
both
speaking
writing.
MA-regulated
hydrogels
show
possibility
flexible
many
applications,
including
touch
screens,
biomedical
monitoring,
robotic
devices.
Discover Nano,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
20(1)
Published: March 29, 2025
Abstract
Hydrogel-based
flexible
sensors
have
demonstrated
significant
advantages
in
the
fields
of
electronics
and
human–machine
interactions
(HMIs),
including
outstanding
flexibility,
high
sensitivity,
excellent
conductivity,
exceptional
biocompatibility,
making
them
ideal
materials
for
next-generation
smart
HMI
sensors.
However,
traditional
hydrogel
still
face
numerous
challenges
terms
reliability,
multifunctionality,
environmental
adaptability,
which
limit
their
performance
complex
application
scenarios.
Nanomaterial-based
composite
hydrogels
significantly
improve
mechanical
properties,
multifunctionality
by
incorporating
conductive
nanomaterials,
thereby
driving
rapid
development
wearable
HMIs.
This
review
systematically
summarizes
latest
research
progress
on
based
carbon
metal
two-dimensional
MXene
provides
a
comprehensive
analysis
sensing
mechanisms
HMI,
triboelectric
nanogenerator
mechanism,
stress-resistance
response
electrophysiological
acquisition
mechanism.
The
further
explores
applications
hydrogel-based
personal
electronic
device
control,
virtual
reality/augmented
reality
(VR/AR)
game
interaction,
robotic
control.
Finally,
current
technical
status
future
directions
nanomaterial
are
summarized.
We
hope
that
this
will
provide
valuable
insights
inspiration
design
nanocomposite
applications.
