Energies,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
18(7), P. 1603 - 1603
Published: March 23, 2025
Hydrogen
production
via
water
splitting
is
a
crucial
strategy
for
addressing
the
global
energy
crisis
and
promoting
sustainable
solutions.
This
review
systematically
examines
water-splitting
mechanisms,
with
focus
on
photocatalytic
electrochemical
methods.
It
provides
in-depth
discussions
charge
transfer,
reaction
kinetics,
key
processes
such
as
oxygen
evolution
(OER)
hydrogen
(HER).
Various
electrode
synthesis
techniques,
including
hydrothermal
methods,
chemical
vapor
deposition
(CVD),
pulsed
laser
(PLD),
radio
frequency
sputtering
(RF),
are
reviewed
their
advantages
limitations.
The
role
of
carbon-based
materials
graphene,
biochar,
graphitic
carbon
nitride
(g-C3N4)
in
photoelectrochemical
(PEC)
also
highlighted.
Their
exceptional
conductivity,
tunable
band
structures,
surface
functionalities
contribute
to
efficient
separation
enhanced
light
absorption.
Further,
advancements
heterojunctions,
doped
systems,
hybrid
composites
explored
ability
improve
PEC
performance
by
minimizing
recombination,
optimizing
electronic
increasing
active
sites
reactions.
Key
challenges,
material
stability,
cost,
scalability,
solar
spectrum
utilization,
critically
analyzed,
along
emerging
strategies
novel
approaches
development.
By
integrating
materials,
this
comprehensive
perspective
production,
bridging
previously
isolated
research
domains.
Energies,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
18(3), P. 748 - 748
Published: Feb. 6, 2025
As
the
global
economy
moves
toward
net-zero
carbon
emissions,
large-scale
energy
storage
becomes
essential
to
tackle
seasonal
nature
of
renewable
sources.
Underground
hydrogen
(UHS)
offers
a
feasible
solution
by
allowing
surplus
be
transformed
into
and
stored
in
deep
geological
formations
such
as
aquifers,
salt
caverns,
or
depleted
reservoirs,
making
it
available
for
use
on
demand.
This
study
thoroughly
evaluates
UHS
concepts,
procedures,
challenges.
paper
analyzes
most
recent
breakthroughs
technology
identifies
special
conditions
needed
its
successful
application,
including
site
selection
guidelines,
technical
factors,
significance
characteristics.
The
integrity
wells
caprock,
which
is
important
safe
efficient
storage,
can
affected
operating
dynamics
cycle,
notably
fluctuations
pressure
stress
within
formations.
To
evaluate
potential
broader
adoption,
we
also
examined
economic
elements
cost-effectiveness
practicality
storage.
We
reviewed
current
efforts
identified
key
knowledge
gaps,
primarily
areas
hydrogen–rock
interactions,
geochemistry,
gas
migration
control,
microbial
activities,
geomechanical
stability.
Resolving
these
technological
challenges,
regulatory
frameworks,
environmental
sustainability
are
UHS’s
long-term
extensive
integration
industry.
article
provides
roadmap
research
development,
emphasizing
need
further
fully
realize
technology’s
promise
pillar
economy.
Energies,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
18(2), P. 414 - 414
Published: Jan. 18, 2025
Apparent
kinetics
is
often
used
to
describe
a
variety
of
reactions
in
the
field
chemical
looping
and
solar
thermochemical
processes,
yet
rigorous
analytical
methodology
for
utilizing
such
has
been
lacking.
The
implementation
novel
approach
was
exemplified
ceria
cycle
producing
hydrogen,
specifically
H2O-driven
oxidation
step.
H2
production
rate
equation
derived,
rearranging
apparent
from
experimental
data
literature
into
more
suitable
form.
1D
model
integrates
heat
transfer,
fluid
dynamics,
redox
chemistry,
providing
description
directly
irradiated
receiver–reactor.
Model
robustness
ensured
through
oxygen
mass
balance
across
cycle,
comparison
against
shows
high
agreement.
can
be
useful
simulating
cycles
using
any
nonstoichiometric
oxide,
as
ceria-based
oxides
and,
most
importantly,
oxidation-limited
perovskites,
which
optimizing
step
terms
flow,
kinetics,
reaction
times
crucial.
proposed
applied
arbitrarily
complex
reactor
geometries.
inherently
local
nature
also
allows
spatial
distributions
material’s
conversion
utilization
obtained,
paving
way
optimization
strategies
reactor’s
design
operation.
Sustainability,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
17(3), P. 932 - 932
Published: Jan. 23, 2025
The
Bohai
Rim
Region
plays
a
crucial
role
in
the
economy
of
northern
China.
Historically,
area’s
development
has
been
driven
by
resource-intensive
industries,
necessitating
urgent
structural
transformation.
In
response,
government
actively
promoted
green
economic
model.
This
study
evaluates
efficiency
performance
and
total
factor
productivity
(TFP)
across
five
provinces
region,
incorporating
regional
innovation
capabilities
outputs
into
input–output
system.
results
show
that
(GEE)
improved
regions,
with
higher
technological
advancement
leading
to
greater
improvements
TFP.
Additionally,
disparity
between
municipalities
decreasing.
indicates
that,
while
inter-provincial
differences
are
widening,
intra-regional
disparities
narrowing.
Meanwhile,
this
provides
foundation
for
integration
policymaking
Rim,
offering
insights
balancing
growth
environmental
sustainability.
