Annual Review of Immunology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
39(1), P. 251 - 277
Published: Feb. 9, 2021
The
immune
system
of
the
central
nervous
(CNS)
consists
primarily
innate
cells.
These
are
highly
specialized
macrophages
found
either
in
parenchyma,
called
microglia,
or
at
CNS
interfaces,
such
as
leptomeningeal,
perivascular,
and
choroid
plexus
macrophages.
While
they
were
thought
phagocytes,
their
function
extends
well
beyond
simple
removal
cell
debris
during
development
diseases.
Brain-resident
cells
to
be
plastic,
long-lived,
host
an
outstanding
number
risk
genes
for
multiple
pathologies.
As
a
result,
now
considered
most
suitable
targets
modulating
Additionally,
recent
single-cell
technologies
enhanced
our
molecular
understanding
origins,
fates,
interactomes,
functional
statesduring
health
perturbation.
Here,
we
review
current
state
challenges
myeloid
biology
treatment
options
related
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Aug. 6, 2020
Inflammatory
processes
and
microglia
activation
accompanies
most
of
the
pathophysiological
diseases
in
central
nervous
system.
It
is
proven
that
glial
pathology
precedes
even
drives
development
multiple
neurodegenerative
conditions.
A
growing
number
studies
point
out
importance
brain
as
well
physiological
functioning.
Those
resident
immune
cells
are
divergent
from
peripherally
infiltrated
macrophages,
but
their
precise
situ
discrimination
surprisingly
difficult.
Microglia
heterogeneity
visible
especially
morphology,
cell
density
particular
structures,
also
expression
cellular
markers.
This
often
determines
role
physiology
or
The
species
differences
between
rodent
human
markers
add
complexity
to
whole
picture.
Furthermore,
due
activation,
shows
a
broad
spectrum
phenotypes
ranging
pro-inflammatory,
potentially
cytotoxic
M1,
anti-inflammatory,
scavenging
regenerative
M2.
distinction
specific
nowadays
essential
study
microglial
functions
tissue
state
such
quickly
changing
environment.
Due
overwhelming
data
on
sets
available
for
studies,
choice
appropriate
scientific
challenge.
review
gathers,
classifies
describes
known
recently
discovered
protein
expressed
by
different
phenotypes.
Presented
include
qualitative
semi-quantitative,
general
specific,
surface
intracellular
proteins
secreted
molecules.
Information
provided
here
creates
comprehensive
practical
guide
trough
current
knowledge
will
allow
choose
proper,
more
detailed
neuroinflammatory
mechanisms
various,
physiological,
pathological,
Both,
basic
research
clinical
medicine,
need
clearly
described
validated
molecular
phenotype,
diagnostics,
treatment
prevention
engaging
glia
activation.
Science,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
363(6425)
Published: Jan. 25, 2019
A
myeloid
cell
atlas
of
neuroinflammation
Myeloid
cells,
such
as
dendritic
cells
and
macrophages,
in
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
play
critical
roles
initiation
exacerbation
multiple
sclerosis
(MS).
Jordão
et
al.
combined
high-throughput
single-cell
RNA
sequencing
intravital
microscopy
to
compile
a
transcriptional
subsets
experimental
autoimmune
encephalomyelitis
(EAE),
mouse
model
MS.
Microglia
other
CNS-associated
macrophages
expanded
transformed
into
various
context-dependent
subtypes
during
EAE.
Furthermore,
monocyte-derived
but
not
resident
played
role
by
presenting
antigen
pathogenic
T
cells.
This
exhaustive
characterization
may
inform
future
therapeutic
targeting
strategies
Science
,
this
issue
p.
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