medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Oct. 11, 2024
Abstract
The
ongoing
evolution
of
SARS-CoV-2,
particularly
through
the
emergence
new
variants,
continues
to
challenge
our
understanding
immune
protection.
While
antibody
levels
correlate
with
protection
against
earlier
variants
like
Alpha
and
Delta,
their
relationship
Omicron
sub-variants
remains
unclear.
To
investigate
role
neutralizing
activity
in
preventing
breakthrough
infections,
we
analyzed
longitudinal
SARS-CoV-2
humoral
responses
ancestral
virus
major
emerging
a
well-characterized
cohort
healthcare
workers
Spain
(N
=
405).
We
found
that
neutralization
titers
are
key
indicators
including
BQ.1
XBB
variants.
Higher
IgG
IgA
were
associated
over
three
6-month
follow-up
periods
sequentially
dominated
by
BA.1,
BA.2,
BA.5,
BQ.1,
sub-variants,
although
strength
association
between
declined
time.
Our
findings
demonstrate
binding
valid
more
evasive
this
Additionally,
results
underscore
importance
continuous
monitoring
updating
vaccination
strategies
maintain
effective
mBio,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: March 5, 2025
The
evolution
of
the
antibody
response
to
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
is
impacted
by
nature
and
number
antigenic
exposures.
First-generation
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
vaccines
encoded
an
ancestral
spike
protein.
Updated
bivalent
breakthrough
infections
have
shaped
intricate
diversity
polyclonal
specificity
individual
clones.
We
others
previously
showed
that
containing
Omicron
(BA.5)
spikes
induce
high
levels
cross-reactive
antibodies
but
undetectable
BA.5-specific
in
serum.
Here,
we
assessed
sera
collected
before
as
well
1
3
months
following
administration
updated
XBB.1.5
monovalent
vaccine
individuals
with
diverse
infection
vaccination
histories.
Vaccination
increased
neutralization
against
recent
variants
concern,
including
HV.1,
JN.1,
vaccine-homologous
XBB.1.5.
Antibody
binding
avidity
antigens
significantly
after
vaccination.
However,
depletion
experiments
most
was
spike,
only
low
XBB.1.5-specific
or
receptor-binding
domain
were
detected.
Importantly,
still
detectable
circulation
post-vaccination
cross-reacted
(SARS-CoV-1)
measured
pseudovirus
assays.
Overall,
our
data
suggest
predominantly
elicits
a
imprinted
viral
encountered
early
during
pandemic.IMPORTANCEUpdated
COVID-19
formulations
SARS-CoV-2
exposure
history
affect
SARS-CoV-2.
High
titers
are
induced
serum
reveal
majority
despite
increasing
recently
circulating
variants.
Vaccine-induced
cross-react
SARS-CoV-1
remain
bloodstream
for
at
least
immunization.
Research Square (Research Square),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: March 13, 2025
AbstractBackground:
SARS-CoV-2
neutralizing
antibodies
may
protect
against
symptomatic
infection
in
immunized
individuals.
However,
vaccine-induced
antibody
levels
wane
over
time,
reducing
vaccine
efficacy.
The
definition
of
the
waning
kinetics
SARS-CoV-2
responses
and
potential
impact
sequential
antigen
encounters
are
still
poorly
defined.
Methods:
Plasma
activity
was
determined
longitudinally
collected
samples
from
infected,
primo-vaccinated
boosted
Neutralizing
decay
were
modeled
time
using
Log-Log
biexponential
models.
Results:Neutralizing
after
an
initial
peak
all
groups
vaccinated
individuals
with
half-life
ranging
29
to
60
days.
Exponential
models
showed
a
subsequent
stabilization
titers
plateau.
Both
response
plateau
values
depended
on
type,
status
severity
infection.
Booster
immunization
by
either
vaccines
or
breakthrough
infections
did
not
modify
peak,
rate
values.
Conclusions:Our
results
indicate
that
recurrent
even
several
encounters.
Repeated
immunizations
would
be
required
maintain
high
vulnerable
Vaccines,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
13(3), P. 310 - 310
Published: March 13, 2025
Background/Objectives:
Long-term
studies
on
the
immune
response
following
multiple
doses
of
SARS-CoV-2
mRNA
vaccines
remain
limited.
Methods:
Secondary
analyses
data
from
a
cohort
non-immunocompromised
subjects
who
received
two
BNT162b2
(primary
vaccination)
and
booster
with
mRNA-1273
nine
months
later.
Antibodies
targeting
receptor-binding
domain
S1
subunit
spike
(anti-RBD)
were
measured
at
eight
time
points
during
follow-up;
SARS-CoV-2-specific
T
cell
was
16
25
after
primary
vaccination
using
an
interferon-γ
release
assay.
Results:
During
9-month
follow
up
period
before
booster,
anti-RBD
significantly
higher
all
in
documented
infection
first
study
point
(previously
infected
subjects;
n
=
50)
compared
to
naïve
(n
208;
p
<
0.05).
16-month
lower
previously
21)
109),
although
differences
non-significant.
Breakthrough
infections
increased
over
both
groups,
particularly
booster.
Most
participants
had
persistent
specific
regardless
prior
infection.
Conclusions:
These
findings
suggest
modulating
effect
previous
humoral
vaccination,
non-durable
hybrid
immunity
subjects,
attenuation
(immune
damping)
repeated
exposure
antigens
through
and/or
Expert Review of Vaccines,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: March 26, 2025
As
the
COVID-19
pandemic
transitions
into
its
fourth
year,
understanding
dynamics
of
immunity
is
critical
for
implementing
effective
public
health
measures.
This
study
examines
vaccine-induced,
natural,
and
hybrid
to
SARS-CoV-2
in
Hong
Kong,
focusing
on
their
protective
effectiveness
waning
characteristics
against
infection
during
Omicron
BA.1/2
dominant
period.
We
conducted
a
territory-wide
retrospective
cohort
using
vaccination
records
from
Kong
Department
Health.
The
analysis
included
over
6.5
million
adults,
applying
Andersen-Gill
model
estimate
while
addressing
selection
bias
through
inverse
probability
weighting.
Vaccine-induced
peaked
one
month
after
first
dose
but
waned
rapidly,
boosters
significantly
prolonged
protection.
Infection-induced
showed
higher
initial
declined
faster
than
vaccine-induced
immunity.
Hybrid
provided
most
durable
mRNA
vaccines
(Comirnaty)
demonstrated
greater
slower
compared
inactivated
(CoronaVac).
represents
strategy
sustained
protection
SARS-CoV-2.
Public
policies
should
emphasize
booster
campaigns
pathways
enhance
population-level
guide
future
management
Kong.
PLoS ONE,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
20(4), P. e0317972 - e0317972
Published: April 1, 2025
While
SARS-CoV-2
vaccines
have
shown
strong
efficacy,
the
continued
emergence
of
new
viral
variants
raises
concerns
about
ongoing
and
future
public
health
impact
COVID-19,
especially
in
locations
with
suboptimal
vaccination
uptake.
We
investigated
host
factors,
including
status,
that
were
associated
disease
severity
a
setting
low
rates.
analyzed
clinical
demographic
data
from
1,957
individuals
state
Georgia,
USA,
coupled
genome
sequencing
1,185
samples.
found
no
specific
mutations
severity.
Compared
to
those
who
unvaccinated,
vaccinated
experienced
less
severe
disease,
effect
was
similar
for
both
variants.
Vaccination
within
prior
3-9
months
decreased
odds
moderate
death.
Older
age
underlying
conditions,
immunosuppression
renal
increased
Overall,
this
study
provides
insights
into
variants/mutations,
factors
on
infection
when
rates
are
low.
Understanding
these
associations
will
help
refine
reinforce
messaging
around
crucial
importance
mitigating
disease.
Cell Reports,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
44(4), P. 115498 - 115498
Published: April 1, 2025
Immune
memory
is
essential
for
the
effectiveness
of
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
vaccination.
In
current
context
pandemic,
with
a
diminished
vaccine
efficacy
against
emerging
variants,
it
remains
crucial
to
perform
long-term
studies
evaluate
durability
and
quality
immune
responses.
Here,
we
examined
antibody
B-cell
responses
in
cohort
113
healthcare
workers
distinct
exposure
histories
over
3-year
period.
Previously
infected
naive
participants
developed
comparable
humoral
by
17
months
after
receiving
full
three-dose
mRNA
addition,
both
maintained
substantial
SARS-CoV-2-reactive
pool,
associated
lower
incidence
breakthrough
infections
participants.
Of
note,
previously
an
expanded
CD27-CD21-
atypical
population
that
remained
stable
throughout
follow-up
Thus,
previous
SARS-CoV-2
infection
differentially
imprints
compartment
without
compromising
development
long-lasting
Vaccines,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
13(4), P. 424 - 424
Published: April 17, 2025
Vaccination
has
been
instrumental
in
curbing
the
transmission
of
SARS-CoV-2
and
mitigating
severity
clinical
manifestations
associated
with
COVID-19.
Numerous
COVID-19
vaccines
have
developed
to
this
effect,
including
BioNTech-Pfizer
Moderna’s
mRNA
vaccines,
as
well
adenovirus
vector-based
such
Oxford–AstraZeneca.
However,
emergence
new
variants
subvariants
SARS-CoV-2,
characterized
by
enhanced
transmissibility
immune
evasion,
poses
significant
challenges
efficacy
current
vaccination
strategies.
In
review,
we
aim
comprehensively
outline
landscape
emerging
concern
(VOCs)
sub-lineages
that
recently
surfaced
post-pandemic
years.
We
assess
effectiveness
existing
their
booster
doses,
against
these
subvariants,
BA.2-derived
sub-lineages,
XBB
BA.2.86
(Pirola).
Furthermore,
discuss
latest
advancements
vaccine
technology,
multivalent
pan-coronavirus
approaches,
along
development
several
next-generation
coronavirus
exosome-based,
virus-like
particle
(VLP),
mucosal,
nanomaterial-based
vaccines.
Finally,
highlight
key
critical
areas
for
future
research
address
evolving
threat
develop
strategies
combating
viral
threats,
thereby
improving
preparedness
pandemics.
