The genetics of specific cognitive abilities

Intelligence, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 95, P. 101689 - 101689

Published: Sept. 22, 2022

Most research on individual differences in performance tests of cognitive ability focuses general (g), the highest level three-level Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) hierarchical model intelligence. About 50% variance g is due to inherited DNA (heritability) which increases across development. Much less known about genetics middle CHC model, includes 16 broad factors such as fluid reasoning, processing speed, and quantitative knowledge. We provide a meta-analytic review 747,567 monozygotic-dizygotic twin comparisons from 77 publications for these middle-level factors, we refer specific abilities (SCA), even though are not independent g. Twin were available 11 domains. The average heritability all SCA 56%, similar that However, there substantial differential do show developmental increase seen also investigated (SCA.g). A surprising finding SCA.g remain substantially heritable (53% average), 25% covaries with has been removed. Our highlights need more especially SCA.g. Despite limitations research, our frames expectations genomic will use polygenic scores predict Genome-wide association studies needed create can profiles disabilities

Language: Английский

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Carroll’s Three-Stratum (3S) Cognitive Ability Theory at 30 Years: Impact, 3S-CHC Theory Clarification, Structural Replication, and Cognitive–Achievement Psychometric Network Analysis Extension

Journal of Intelligence, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 32 - 32

Published: Feb. 6, 2023

Carroll's treatise on the structure of human cognitive abilities is a milestone in psychometric intelligence research. Thirty years later, work continues to influence research theories and development interpretation tests. A historical review relations between 3S CHC necessitates recommendation that Cattell, Horn, Carroll be reframed as family obliquely correlated theories-not single theory. Next, previously unpublished exploratory factor analysis 46 achievement tests presented. complimentary bifactor presented reinforces conclusion his model more accurately represents than two prominent alternative models. Finally, Carroll-recommended higher-stratum network (PNA) cognitive, reading, math variables The PNA results demonstrate how can complement serve framework for identifying empirically evaluating cognitive-achievement causal mechanisms (e.g., developmental cascade investment theories), with an eye toward improved intervention It believed Carroll, given long-standing interest school learning, would welcome integration theory-driven

Language: Английский

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Comparing factor and network models of cognitive abilities using twin data

Intelligence, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 104, P. 101833 - 101833

Published: April 9, 2024

Network models have become a popular alternative to factor for analysing the phenotypic relationships among cognitive abilities. Studies begun compare these directly one another using ability data, although such comparison has so far not extended genetics. Our aim with this study was therefore and network of abilities first at level then genetic level. We analyzed data from Twins Early Development Study that were collected 14 measures 11,290 twins in UK aged 12 years old. conducted analyses which numerous tested, including novel twin model. Factor both provided useful representations Surprisingly, several within networks negative, suggests might share some variants inverse effects, more research is currently needed confirm this. Implications future genomic are discussed.

Language: Английский

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Genetic overlap between multi-site chronic pain and cognition: a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 19

Published: March 14, 2025

Background Different studies have consistently demonstrated a positive correlation between chronic pain and cognitive changes. This study aimed to explore the genetic factors underlying relationship traits, investigate whether an inherent causal connection exists them. Method The contributions of multi-site eight traits were investigated based on Genome-wide association (GWAS) data. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was employed assess correlations each pair traits. shared components these by identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with pleiotropic effects using Cross Phenotype Association (CPASSOC) method. Furthermore, enrichment analysis transcriptome-wide (TWAS) performed characterize significant associations latent variable model (LCV) potential both Results A negative found several functions, particularly intelligence (rg = −0. 11, p 7.77 × 10 −64 ). CPASSOC identified 150 loci. co-localization conducted, which 20 loci exhibiting at same genomic position. LCV indicated no Conclusion present work contributed enhanced understanding complex interplay function pain.

Language: Английский

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Cognitive synaptopathy: synaptic and dendritic spine dysfunction in age-related cognitive disorders

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Oct. 3, 2024

Cognitive impairment is a leading component of several neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases, profoundly impacting on the individual, family, society at large. pathologies are driven by multiplicity factors, from genetic mutations risk neurotransmitter-associated dysfunction, abnormal connectomics level local neuronal circuits broader brain networks, to environmental influences able modulate some endogenous factors. Otherwise healthy older adults can be expected experience degree mild cognitive impairment, which fall into category subjective deficits in clinical practice, while many diseases course with more profound alterations cognition, particularly within spectrum dementias. Our knowledge underlying neuropathological mechanisms root this ample palette entities far complete. This review looks current synaptic modifications context function along ageing dysfunction disease, providing insight differential diagnostic elements wide range synapse alterations, those associated changes physiological senescence abnormalities occurring advanced stages dementia. I propose term "cognitive synaptopathy" encompass higher disorders.

Language: Английский

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The Genetic Specificity of Cognitive Tests After Controlling for General Cognitive Ability

Behavior Genetics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 55(2), P. 103 - 113

Published: Feb. 18, 2025

Diverse tests of cognitive abilities correlate about 0.30 phenotypically and 0.60 genetically. Their phenotypic overlap defines general ability (g), driven largely by genetic overlap. Consequently, much our understanding the landscape specific likely reflects g rather than themselves. Removing this g-associated variance will sharpen research on tests. Here, we use Genomic Structural Equation Modelling (Genomic SEM) to remove shared among 12 diverse that capture verbal nonverbal domains. We applied SEM summary statistics from largest genome-wide association studies (GenLang Consortium, five tests) (UK Biobank, seven chart independent as compared uncorrected found SNP heritabilities were nearly high for corrected uncorrected: average heritability was 0.16 (SE = 0.02) 0.13 g. Despite this, transformed after controlling genomic The matrix positive correlations (average 0.45) disappeared g-correction, some strong negative emerged; instance, Memory Word (-0.72), Fluid Symbol Tower Spelling (-0.79). these g-corrected can be used researchers create polygenic scores focus specificity

Language: Английский

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Evidence that Phenotypic g is Both Formative and Reflective From Four Large Genetically-Informative Samples

Twin Research and Human Genetics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 15

Published: May 5, 2025

Abstract Is general intelligence ( g ) a reflective construct, representing latent causal entity underlying subtest performance, or formative better understood as an aggregate variable shaped by and summarizing variation across subtests? Genetically informative data provide framework for testing whether construct is comparing common pathway independent pathways structural equation models (SEMs). Previous studies using biometric SEMs have predominantly supported the model, with phenotypic mediating effects of additive genetic environmental influences on lower level abilities. In current study, four large genetically informed datasets (three from US one UK) were analyzed to test three competing SEM — pathway, pathways, merged Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Genetic was estimated in each sample derived polygenic scores indexing educational attainment cognitive The compared follows: consistent , included direct path ; featured indirect paths via subtests; model incorporated both paths. Across all datasets, consistently provided best fit (based goodness-of-fit parsimony criteria). Phenotypic mediated between 31% 81% subtests. These findings suggest that functions entity.

Language: Английский

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The heritability of ability tilts

Personality and Individual Differences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 213, P. 112187 - 112187

Published: Aug. 7, 2023

Language: Английский

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Multi-polygenic score prediction of mathematics, reading, and language abilities independent of general cognitive ability

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 12, 2024

Specific cognitive abilities (SCA) correlate genetically about 0.50, which underpins general ability (g), but it also means that there is considerable genetic specificity. If g not controlled, then genomic prediction of specific truly specific because they are all perfused with g. Here, we investigated the heritability mathematics, reading, and language independent (SCA.g) using twins DNA, extent to multiple genome-wide polygenic scores (multi-PGS) can jointly predict these SCA.g as compared SCA uncorrected for We created composites from a battery 14 tests administered at age 12 5,000 twin pairs in Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). Univariate analyses yielded an average estimate 40% SCA.g, 53% SCA. Using SNP genotypes, SNP-based heritabilities were 26% 35% multi-PGS least 50 PGS each elastic net penalised regression models. Multi-PGS predicted 4.4% variance on average, 11.1% The twin, estimates provide further evidence merely reflection Although relative reduction was greater than or heritability, this decrease likely due paucity hope results encourage researchers conduct association studies SCA, especially be used profiles strengths weaknesses

Language: Английский

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Multi-polygenic score prediction of mathematics, reading, and language abilities independent of general cognitive ability

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 31, 2024

Abstract Specific cognitive abilities (SCA) correlate genetically about 0.50, which underpins general ability (g), but it also means that there is considerable genetic specificity. If g not controlled, then genomic prediction of specific truly because they are all perfused with g. Here, we investigated the heritability mathematics, reading, and language independent (SCA.g) using twins DNA, extent to multiple genome-wide polygenic scores (multi-PGS) can jointly predict these SCA.g as compared SCA uncorrected for We created composites from a battery 14 tests administered at age 12 5,000 twin pairs in Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). Univariate analyses yielded an average estimate 40% SCA.g, 53% SCA. Using SNP genotypes, SNP-based heritabilities were 26% 35% multi-PGS least 50 PGS each elastic net penalised regression models. Multi-PGS predicted 4.4% variance on average, 11.1% The twin, estimates provide further evidence merely reflection Although relative reduction was greater than or heritability, this decrease likely due paucity hope results encourage researchers conduct association studies SCA, especially be used profiles strengths weaknesses

Language: Английский

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