Subtypes of Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 31 - 42

Published: June 22, 2022

Breast cancer is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease with multiple subtypes. The classification of these subtypes has evolved over the years. most common widely accepted breast from an immunohistochemical perspective, based on expression following hormone receptors: estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) human epidermal growth factor (HER2). Accordingly, four are recognized: luminal A, B, HER2-positive, triple negative. With recent advances in research, increased molecular understanding cancer, current clinical model for may be benefit addition several markers such as miRNAs (let-7, miR-155, miR-150, miR-153) mutations (p53, BRCA 1 2 genes). This chapter provides overview characteristics cancer.

Language: Английский

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Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for treatment of solid tumors: It takes two to tango?

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Oct. 28, 2022

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), frontline soldiers of the adaptive immune system, are recruited into tumor site to fight against tumors. However, their small number and reduced activity limit ability overcome tumor. Enhancement TILs tumors has been interest for a long time. A lack knowledge about microenvironment (TME) limited success in primary TIL therapies. Although advent engineered T cells revolutionized immunotherapy methods hematologic cancers, heterogeneity solid warrants application with wide range specificity. Recent advances understanding TME, exhaustion, checkpoints have paved way therapy regimens. Nowadays, regained attention as safe personalized immunotherapy, currently, several clinical trials evaluating efficacy patients who failed conventional immunotherapies. Gaining favorable outcomes following metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer, ovarian breast cancer raised hope refractory tumors, too. Nevertheless, procedures face challenges, such high cost, timely expansion, technical challenges selecting activating cells. Herein, we reviewed recent discussed perspectives.

Language: Английский

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CAR-T Cell Therapy for Breast Cancer: From Basic Research to Clinical Application

International Journal of Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 18(6), P. 2609 - 2626

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Breast cancer rises as the most commonly diagnosed in 2020.Among women, breast ranks first both incidence rate and mortality.Treatment resistance developed from current clinical therapies limits efficacy of therapeutic outcomes, thus new treatment approaches are urgently needed.Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a type immunotherapy adoptive transfer, which typically uses patients' own immune cells to combat cancer.CAR-T armed with specific antibodies recognize antigens self-tumor eliciting cytotoxic effects.In recent years, CAR-T has achieved remarkable successes treating hematologic malignancies; however, effects solid tumors not up expectations including cancer.This review aims discuss development preclinical studies ongoing trials.Specifically, we summarize tumor-associated cancer, trials, obstacles interfering therapy, potential strategies improve efficacy.Overall, hope our provides landscape view progress for ignites interest further research directions.

Language: Английский

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Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: An Old Story with a New End

Genes, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 1364 - 1364

Published: June 28, 2023

Breast cancer is the second most frequent in world. It a heterogeneous disease and leading cause of mortality women. Advances molecular technologies allowed for identification new more specifics biomarkers breast diagnosis, prognosis, risk prediction, enabling personalized treatments, improving therapy, preventing overtreatment, undertreatment, incorrect treatment. Several have been identified and, along with traditional biomarkers, they can assist physicians throughout treatment plan increase therapy success. Despite need data to improve specificity determine real clinical utility some others are already established be used as guide make decisions. In this review, we summarize available traditional, novel, potential while also including gene expression profiles, single-cell polyploid giant cells. We hope help understand tumor specific characteristics support decision-making patient-personalized management, consequently outcome.

Language: Английский

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Unlocking the potential of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in breast cancer treatment

Journal of Nanoparticle Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 25(8)

Published: Aug. 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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Exploring Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: Hallmarks of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up in Clinical Practice

Medicina, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 60(1), P. 168 - 168

Published: Jan. 17, 2024

Breast cancer is a prevalent malignancy in the present day, particularly affecting women as one of most common forms cancer. A significant portion patients initially with localized disease, for which curative treatments are pursued. Conversely, another substantial segment diagnosed metastatic has worse prognosis. Recent years have witnessed profound transformation prognosis this latter group, primarily due to discovery various biomarkers and emergence targeted therapies. These biomarkers, encompassing serological, histological, genetic indicators, demonstrated their value across multiple aspects breast management. They play crucial roles initial diagnosis, aiding detection relapses during follow-up, guiding application treatments, offering valuable insights prognostic stratification, especially highly aggressive tumor types. Molecular markers now become keystone given diverse array chemotherapy options treatment modalities available. signify transformative shift arsenal therapeutic against Their diagnostic precision enables categorization tumors elevated risks recurrence, increased aggressiveness, heightened mortality. Furthermore, existence therapies tailored target specific molecular anomalies triggers cascade changes behavior. Therefore, primary objective article offer comprehensive review clinical, diagnostic, prognostic, utility principal currently use, well clinical impact on In doing so, our goal contribute more comprehension complex disease and, ultimately, enhance patient outcomes through precise effective strategies.

Language: Английский

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Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer

Journal of Personalized Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 723 - 723

Published: July 4, 2024

Breast cancer remains the most prevalent among women worldwide, driving urgent need for innovative approaches to diagnosis and treatment. This review highlights pivotal role of nanoparticles in revolutionizing breast management through advancements interconnected including targeted therapy, imaging, personalized medicine. Nanoparticles, with their unique physicochemical properties, have shown significant promise addressing current treatment limitations such as drug resistance nonspecific systemic distribution. Applications range from enhancing delivery systems sustained release developing diagnostic tools early precise detection metastases. Moreover, integration into photothermal therapy synergistic use existing treatments, immunotherapy, illustrate transformative potential care. However, journey towards clinical adoption is fraught challenges, chemical feasibility, biodistribution, efficacy, safety concerns, scalability, regulatory hurdles. delves state nanoparticle research, applications diagnosis, obstacles that must be overcome integration.

Language: Английский

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Single-cell profiling transcriptomic reveals cellular heterogeneity and cellular crosstalk in breast cancer lymphatic node, bone, and brain metastases

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Jan. 17, 2025

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in world, and its metastasis main cause of death breast patients. However, differences between primary tissue lymphatic node, bone, brain metastases at single-cell level are not fully understood. We analyzed microenvironment heterogeneity samples (n = 4), node 3), bone 2) using sequencing data from GEO database. The epithelial cells were characterized by InferCNV algorithm. cell-cell communication was CellChat package. biological function cell subpopulations gene set variation analysis. expression STMN1 immunohistochemical staining. proportion pCAFs explored multispectral identified seven clusters metastatic (Lymphatic brain, metastases) analyzing transcriptomic profiles. T-NK B dominated with metastasis, whereas fibroblasts prevalent cancer. five T (T memory, CD8 + cells, regulatory natural killer CD4 cells), three (naïve memory plasma cancer-associated (CAFs) (Smooth muscle (SMC), pericyte, antigen-presenting CAFs (apCAFs), proliferative (pCAFs), matrix (mCAFs)). Notably. metastasis. Furthermore, we four subpopulations: G0, G1, G2, G3. G2 population exhibited strong invasion ability, it can differentiate into G3 ability proliferation-related G1 after Cell-cell demonstrated an interaction metastasis-associated cells. Finally, discovered that advanced cancer, pCAF increased associated a poor prognosis This study elucidated potential cellular origins drivers to nodes, utilizing prognosis.

Language: Английский

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VEGFA Gene Expression in Breast Cancer Is Associated With Worse Prognosis, but Better Response to Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy

World Journal of Oncology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 120 - 130

Published: Jan. 14, 2025

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) is a key inducer of angiogenesis, responsible for generating new blood vessels in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and facilitating metastasis. Notably, Avastin, which targets VEGFA, failed to demonstrate any significant benefit clinical trials breast cancer (BC). This study aimed investigate relevance VEGFA gene expression BC. A total 7,336 BC patients across eight independent cohorts: ISPY2 (GSE173839), Sweden Cancerome Analysis Network-Breast (SCAN-B) (GSE96058), Molecular Taxonomy Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC), GSE25066, GSE163882, GSE34138, GSE20194, The Genome Atlas (TCGA), were analyzed. calculated median level was used stratify these cohorts into high low groups. High associated with worse disease-free, disease-specific, overall survival METABRIC cohort, findings supported by SCAN-B also showed (all P < 0.02). seen triple-negative (TNBC) but not lymph node Additionally, there correlation between higher silent non-silent mutations, single-nucleotide variant (SNV) neoantigens, homologous recombination defect, intratumoral heterogeneity, TCGA cohort. In TCGA, METABRIC, cohorts, cell proliferation: Ki67 expression, Nottingham histological grade, consistent enrichment all Hallmark proliferation-related sets. Unexpectedly, angiogenesis set enriched no association infiltrations lymphatic or vascular cells besides pericytes. had significantly less infiltration anti-cancer immune pro-cancer cohorts. Interestingly, BC, pathological complete response (pCR) after anthracycline- taxane-based neoadjuvant therapy, heightened both estrogen receptor (ER)+/human epidermal factor 2 (HER2)- TNBC subtypes GSE25066 cohort immunotherapy ER+/ HER2- subtype, Our research indicates that confers proliferation, reduced infiltration, poorer survival, allows better chemotherapy, immunotherapy.

Language: Английский

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Papillary Thyroid Cancer Prognosis: An Evolving Field

Cancers, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(21), P. 5567 - 5567

Published: Nov. 7, 2021

Over the last few years, a great advance has been made in comprehension of molecular pathogenesis underlying thyroid cancer progression, particularly for papillary (PTC), which represents most common malignancy. Putative driver mutations have identified more than 98% PTC, and new PTC classification into subtypes proposed order to resolve clinical uncertainties still present management patients. Additionally, prognostic stratification systems profoundly modified over decade, with view refine patients' staging being able choose approach tailored on single patient's needs. Here, we will briefly discuss recent changes nodules, review current patients by analyzing promising clinicopathological features (i.e., gender, auto-immunity, multifocality, histological variants, vascular invasion) as well markers BRAF/TERT promoter mutations, miRNAs, components plasminogen activating system) potentially capable ameliorating prognosis

Language: Английский

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