Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies of Macrophage Polarization in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration DOI Creative Commons
Kaiyuan Zheng, Siyu Wang, Meng Deng

et al.

JOR Spine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 8(2)

Published: May 14, 2025

ABSTRACT Background Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a leading cause of low back pain (LBP), contributing significantly to global disability and productivity loss. Its pathogenesis involves complex processes, including inflammation, cellular senescence, angiogenesis, fibrosis, neural ingrowth, sensitization. Emerging evidence highlights macrophages as central immune regulators infiltrating degenerated discs, with macrophage polarization implicated in IVDD progression. However, the mechanisms linking pathology remain poorly elucidated. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted by searching major databases (PubMed, Web Science, Scopus) for studies published last decade (2014–2024). Keywords included “intervertebral degeneration,” “macrophage polarization,” “inflammation,” “senescence,” “therapeutic strategies.” Relevant articles were selected, analyzed, synthesized evaluate role IVDD. Results Macrophage dynamically influences through multiple pathways. Pro‐inflammatory M1 exacerbate amplifying inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF‐α, IL‐1β), promoting stimulating abnormal angiogenesis ingrowth. In contrast, anti‐inflammatory M2 may mitigate suppressing inflammation enhancing tissue repair. Therapeutic strategies targeting include pharmacological agents cytokines, small‐molecule inhibitors), biologic therapies, gene editing, physical interventions. Challenges persist, such incomplete understanding triggers, lack targeted delivery systems, limited translational success preclinical models. Conclusion pivotal regulator pathology, offering promising therapeutic targets. Future research should focus on elucidating mechanisms, optimizing spatiotemporal control phenotypes, developing personalized therapies. Addressing these challenges advance innovative halt or reverse progression, ultimately improving clinical outcomes LBP patients.

Language: Английский

Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies of Macrophage Polarization in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration DOI Creative Commons
Kaiyuan Zheng, Siyu Wang, Meng Deng

et al.

JOR Spine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 8(2)

Published: May 14, 2025

ABSTRACT Background Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a leading cause of low back pain (LBP), contributing significantly to global disability and productivity loss. Its pathogenesis involves complex processes, including inflammation, cellular senescence, angiogenesis, fibrosis, neural ingrowth, sensitization. Emerging evidence highlights macrophages as central immune regulators infiltrating degenerated discs, with macrophage polarization implicated in IVDD progression. However, the mechanisms linking pathology remain poorly elucidated. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted by searching major databases (PubMed, Web Science, Scopus) for studies published last decade (2014–2024). Keywords included “intervertebral degeneration,” “macrophage polarization,” “inflammation,” “senescence,” “therapeutic strategies.” Relevant articles were selected, analyzed, synthesized evaluate role IVDD. Results Macrophage dynamically influences through multiple pathways. Pro‐inflammatory M1 exacerbate amplifying inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF‐α, IL‐1β), promoting stimulating abnormal angiogenesis ingrowth. In contrast, anti‐inflammatory M2 may mitigate suppressing inflammation enhancing tissue repair. Therapeutic strategies targeting include pharmacological agents cytokines, small‐molecule inhibitors), biologic therapies, gene editing, physical interventions. Challenges persist, such incomplete understanding triggers, lack targeted delivery systems, limited translational success preclinical models. Conclusion pivotal regulator pathology, offering promising therapeutic targets. Future research should focus on elucidating mechanisms, optimizing spatiotemporal control phenotypes, developing personalized therapies. Addressing these challenges advance innovative halt or reverse progression, ultimately improving clinical outcomes LBP patients.

Language: Английский

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