Water contamination by commonly used antimicrobials around a tertiary care centre in South Kerala, India – environmental risk and antimicrobial resistance perspective
Abstract
Water
contamination
due
to
pharmaceuticals
is
a
serious
health
concern
and
antimicrobials
in
particular
pose
major
challenge
pertaining
the
development
of
antimicrobial
resistance.
The
level
water
caused
by
sources
its
consequences
such
as
environmental
risk
resistance
less
explored
Kerala,
India.
study
aims
find
concentration
analyze
that
can
arise
prevailing
drug
sources.
Five
commonly
used
tertiary
care
centre
were
identified
with
help
case
records
purchase
for
period
one
year-
Azithromycin,
Cefotaxime,
Ciprofloxacin,
Meropenem
Metronidazole
Thirty-one
samples
surface
ground
including
drinking
collected
preconditioned
solid
phase
extraction
technique
passed
through
Liquid
Chromatography
Mass
Spectrometry
(LCMS-MS)
instrument
quantify
concentrations
antimicrobials.
Measured
median
(MEC)
were-
Azithromycin
(0.60
µg/L),
Cefotaxime
(1.0
Ciprofloxacin
(0.07
(0.05
µg/L
(1.73
µg/L).
Using
Predicted
no
effect
concentration-
environment
(PNEC-ENV),
(R)
calculated
(97.67),
(25.83),
(1.76),
(2.28)
(78.0)
are
above
value
1,
which
shows
they
at
cause
risk.
Highest
MECs
five
antibiotics
against
PNEC-MIC
(minimum
inhibitory
concentration)
–
(2.93,
0.25),
(3.10,
0.13),
(0.80,
0.06),
(3.42,
0.06)
(2.35,
0.13)
PNEC-
MIC
values
determining
These
points
occurrence
grave
consequence
selection
resistant
organisms
environment.
range
posing
purification
methods
have
be
developed
remove
these
drugs
from
Modification
policy
regulations
proper
safe
disposal
done
implemented
prevent
entering
Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown
Published: May 16, 2025
Language: Английский