Early
in
2020,
the
coronavirus
Covid-19,
which
is
produced
by
SARS-CoV
-2
strain,
first
gained
international
attention
as
a
severe
health
threat.
Covid-19
spread
quickly
around
world,
forcing
everyone
to
fight
with
preventative
measures
like
masks,
hand
washing,
and
preserving
social
distance.
But
prevent
virus,
vaccination
has
been
playing
key
role.
Vaccination
records
that
contain
patient
data
make
this
system
very
complicated
because
there
risk
of
privacy
breach.
Hackers
may
steal
personal
information
individuals
or
carry
out
cyberattacks
against
any
national
server.
Additionally,
chance
dishonest
people
can
purchase
sell
fake
vaccine
certificates
on
black
market.
Blockchain
provide
solution
regard
its
features
immutability,
privacy,
transparency
decentralization.
For
people,
governments,
organizations
interested
blockchain-based
systems,
we
analyze
blockchain
based
management
study
current
summary.
We
envision
our
motivate
more
systems.
Benchmarking An International Journal,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: June 13, 2024
Purpose
This
study
aims
to
identify
several
perspectives
that
affect
the
adoption
of
blockchain
technology
in
India
(BCTA)
and
evaluate
their
impact.
To
sector’s
influence
on
impact
BCTA
performance
Indian
healthcare
supply
chain
(HSCP)
using
as
a
mediating
variable.
Design/methodology/approach
In
this
study,
we
first
developed
conceptual
model
based
Organizational
Information
Processing
Theory
Technology-Organization-Environment,
then
formulated
hypotheses.
Based
this,
questionnaire
was
developed,
data
were
gathered
from
experts
industry
who
familiar
with
technology.
AMOS
19
used
analyze
structural
equation
modelling.
Findings
All
factors
have
significant
positive
BCTA.
Healthcare
influenced
most
dominantly,
followed
by
technological,
environmental,
organizational
record-keeping
unit
factors.
Both
public
private
sectors
HSCP
benefited
significantly
Practical
implications
research
work
is
fruitful
for
practitioners,
top
management,
academicians
policymakers
assessing
BCTA’s
HSCP.
Originality/value
We
attempted
possible
variable
considering
different
holistic
view
context
add
work’s
originality.
<p>The
year
2020
has
witnessed
the
emergence
of
coronavirus
(COVID-19)
that
rapidly
spread
and
adversely
affected
global
economy,
health,
human
lives.
The
COVID-19
pandemic
exposed
limitations
existing
healthcare
systems
regarding
their
inadequacy
to
timely
efficiently
handle
public
health
emergencies.
A
large
portion
today's
are
centralized
fall
short
in
providing
necessary
information
security
privacy,
data
immutability,
transparency,
traceability
features
detect
fraud
related
vaccination
certification,
anti-body
testing.
Blockchain
technology
can
assist
combating
by
ensuring
safe
reliable
medical
supplies,
accurate
identification
virus
hot
spots,
establishing
provenance
verify
genuineness
personal
protective
equipment.
This
paper
discusses
potential
blockchain
applications
for
pandemic.
It
presents
high-level
design
three
blockchain-based
enable
governments
professionals
emergencies
caused
COVID-19.
important
ongoing
research
projects,
use
cases,
case
studies
demonstrate
adoption
Finally,
it
identifies
future
challenges,
along
with
key
causes
guidelines.</p>
Waste Management & Research The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
42(11), P. 977 - 996
Published: Sept. 27, 2023
The
overall
objective
of
this
work
was
to
conduct
a
critical
literature
review
on
the
application
circular
economy
(CE)
hierarchy
for
management
COVID-19
healthcare
waste
(HCW).
To
describe
problem
created
by
HCW,
first,
subsystems
system,
including
generation,
segregation,
classification,
storage,
collection,
transport,
treatment
and
disposal,
were
reviewed
briefly
described.
Then,
CE
using
10R
typology
adapted
HCW
included
strategies
Refuse,
Reduce,
Resell/Reuse,
Repair,
Reprocess,
Refurbish,
Remanufacture,
Repurpose,
Recycle
Recover
(energy).
Disposal
added
as
sink
residues
from
strategies.
Using
detailed
is
novelty
review.
It
concluded
that
R-strategy
selection
depends
its
position
in
medical
item
criticality
value.
Indicative
components,
which
can
be
managed
each
R-strategy,
compiled,
but
creating
value
recovering
infectious
downgraded
materials
contaminated
with
body
fluids
tissues
not
currently
possible.
Therefore,
after
applying
solutions,
end
pipe
disposal
would
necessary
close
material
cycles
at
their
life
cycles.
Addressing
risks,
knowledge
gaps
policy
recommendations
article
may
help
combat
future
pandemics
without
environmental
crises.
International Journal of Surgery,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
109(3), P. 224 - 226
Published: March 1, 2023
COVID-19,
vaccination,
and
Pakistan
Vaccination
against
coronavirus
disease-2019
(COVID-19)
remains
a
crucial
defense
prevention
to
contain
the
spread
severity
of
this
disease
throughout
world.
As
August
20,
2022,
598
million
cases
6.46
deaths
were
reported
globally.
Among
them,
1.57
new
infections
30,
555
documented
in
Pakistan.
Since
initiation
till
24,
there
have
been
12.5
billion
doses
administered
worldwide,
allowing
complete
vaccination
67.59%
population.
In
Pakistan,
total
population
is
230
million,
where
291
COVID-19
vaccine
administered,
which
makes
59.2%
fully
vaccinated1.
scenario,
are
various
driving
factors
that
play
an
important
role
ensuring
global
access
vaccines,
starting
from
bulk
production
meet
demand,
affordability
price
each
country
can
pay,
allocation
so
vaccines
reach
needed
most,
fair
deployment
local
peripheral
communities.
The
World
Health
Organization
April
2020,
created
Vaccine
Global
Access
(COVAX)
platform
collaboration
with
Coalition
for
epidemic
preparedness
innovations
alliance
immunisation
(GAVI),
pooled
procurement
initiative
secure
low-priced
low-middle
income
countries
providing
diversified
portfolio
multinational
vaccines2.
Equity
wastage
issues
equity
both
interrelated
two
increasingly
public
health
concerns.
foremost
prerequisite
health-for-all
equitable
essential
medicines
basic
human
right.
Most
low-
middle-income
facing
system
challenges
long
before
emergence
pandemic,
further
collapsed
fragile
many
such
countries.
Low-
face
considerable
difficulties
organizing
their
national
management
prioritize,
acquire,
deploy,
deliver
respective
These
countries,
including
lack
capabilities
guarantee
security.
incapability
strengthen
systems
infrastructure
turns
out
be
main
reason
suboptimal
coverage,
equity,
wastage3.
It
known
immunization
programs
inevitable
wastage,
but
it
recommended
well
monitored
efforts
should
made
keep
minimum
within
allowed
range.
According
GAVI
alliance,
maximum
rate
up
25%
acceptable
first
year,
reduction
15%
by
third
year2.
occur
at
steps
whole
process,
administration
doses.
Sometimes
occurs
when
vials
left
open
outside
required
temperature,
on
other
hand,
inability
use
vial
desired
number
participants,
temperature
fluctuation
during
transportation
distribution,
spillage
due
mishandling,
stock
unused
its
expiry
date,
all
lead
wastage.
also
developed
sophisticated
supply
chain
place,
associated
factors.
High
rates
high-income
as
France
(30%)
Canada
(25%)4.
On
keeping
mind
ground
realities
one
anticipate
much
higher
country,
considering
inadequate
system.
exact
reporting
lacking,
according
media
news
reports,
high
30%
reported3.
Ways
overcome
For
already
shortage
world,
barely
fulfilling
focus
reducing
especially
avoidable
causes.
recent
publication,
Dor
et
al5.
highlighted
issue
low-income
concluded
responsibility
government
implement
standard
operating
procedures
reduce
transport,
storage,
administration.
Furthermore,
strengthening
terms
versatile
information
system,
timely
reporting,
monitoring
waste
substantial
Preventing
extremely
challenging
requires
participation
multiple
stakeholders
enhance
process
transparency,
accountability,
traceability,
data
availability.
Transparent
usage
check
points
because
gives
authentic
realistic
figures
helpful
taking
appropriate
measures
prevent
causes
needs
improved
properly
handle
maintain
product
integrity
transport
storage
them
safely
expiration6.
addition
management,
several
effective
strategies
adopted
training
care
managers
vaccinators
improve
enhancing
community
mobilization,
forecasting,
prioritizing
step
avoid
report
identify
based
planning
decision
making
made.
Local
or
nearby
manufacturing
has
positively
contributed
increasing
availability
access.
pharmaceutical
manufacturers
put
into
knowledge
transfer,
improving
factors,
removing
potential
barriers
resulting
inequitable
distribution
wastage7,8.
Equitable
delivery
mainly
consists
private
sectors,
where,
per
constitution,
primarily
comes
under
responsibility.
state
provides
through
three-tiered
range
interventions
vaccination.
To
optimize
impact
true
call.
This
private–public
partnerships
levels
society
ensure
minimize
Previous
literature
shows
exist
significant
socioeconomic
geographical
disparities
routine
vaccinations
included
expanded
program
(expanded
programme
immunization),
between
rural
urban
areas,
58%
areas
vaccinated
compared
85%
areas9.
No
specific
likely
history
would
repeated
itself.
COVAX
played
assisting
lower
priced
different
early
phase
helped
launch
campaign
otherwise
not
possible.
existing
established,
distributed
units.
supported
initial
roll-out
country.
Some
facilities
modifications
cold
was
par
some
western
manufactured
like
Pfizer
Moderna,
demanded
minus
temperatures
ultracold
conditions10.
With
support
WHO,
GAVI,
UNICEF,
upgradation
network
concentrated
center
metropolitan
cities
However,
communities
remained
there,
dependent
logistic
administrative
government's
allocate
resources
prioritize
neglected
regions3,5,11.
these
come
social
culture
hinder
hesitancy.
reports
hesitancy
quite
prevalent
low-,
middle-,
alike,
beginning
diverse
socioeconomic,
ethnic,
religious
groups,
highest
Serbia
(62%),
(56%),
Paraguay
(49%),
Slovenia
(47%),
(44%).
three
most
frequently
reasons
concerns
about
efficacy
safety;
general
perception
does
work
religious/cultural
reasons6,12.
Conclusion
any
developing
said
struggle
while
There
need
develop
detailed
organized
monitor
mitigating
include
identification
followed
donations,
efficient
handling
products,
suggested
require
government,
provincial
departments,
centers
transparent,
traceable,
auditable
decentralized
managed
secure,
reliable
trustworthy
Lastly,
must
innovative
communication
methods
run
campaign,
incorporating
contextual
acceptability
utilization
At
same
time,
promote
beneficial
effects
encourage
healthy
populations
make
informed
choices.
Ethical
approval
Not
applicable.
Sources
funding
None.
Author's
contribution
M.Z.:
concept.
M.N.:
manuscript
writing.
S.A.K.:
supervision.
H.M.:
editing
review.
All
authors
equally
approved
final
published.
Conflicts
interest
disclosure
declare
no
competing
interests.
views
expressed
article
those
only
do
represent
authors'
affiliations.
Research
registration
unique
identifying
(UIN)
Guarantor
Hassan
Mumtaz.
Data
statement
will
available
upon
request.
Provenance
peer
review
commissioned,
externally
peer-reviewed.
Availability
materials
sharing
apply
datasets
generated
analyzed
current
report.
This
thesis
project
argues
that
we
ought
to
ensure
a
global
equitable
distribution
of
vaccines
(GEDV)
during
pandemic,
using
lessons
learned
from
the
Covid-19
pandemic.
In
my
first
chapter
I
argue
wealthy
nations
are
ones
most
responsible
for
ensuring
GEDV
based
on
their
capacity
and
self-interest
in
matter.
second
explain
stockpiled
themselves
because
nationalist
values
prioritize
health
safety
own
citizens.
final
propose
hypothesis
try
something
different
next
time
pandemic
happens,
offer
possible
solution
which
call
efficient
altruism
principle,
states
doing
so
is
within
self-interest.
Achieving
herd
immunity
through
vaccination
will
end
sooner
and,
therefore,
save
more
lives
money
overall.