<p>Exosome: A Review of Its Classification, Isolation Techniques, Storage, Diagnostic and Targeted Therapy Applications</p>

International Journal of Nanomedicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: Volume 15, P. 6917 - 6934

Published: Sept. 1, 2020

Exosomes are nano-sized small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, carrying nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and other bioactive substances to play a role in the body's physiological pathological processes. Compared synthetic carriers such as liposomes nanoparticles, endogeneity heterogeneity of exosomes give them extensive unique advantages field disease diagnosis treatment. However, storage stability, low yield, purity, weak targeting limit its clinical application. For this reason, further exploration is needed optimize above problems facilitate future functional studies exosomes. In paper, origin, classification, preparation characterization, stability applications exosome delivery system summarized discussed searching large number literatures.

Language: Английский

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Isolation and characterization of exosomes for cancer research

Journal of Hematology & Oncology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Nov. 10, 2020

Abstract Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles that carry specific combinations proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, and lipids. Mounting evidence suggests exosomes participate in intercellular communication act as important molecular vehicles the regulation numerous physiological pathological processes, including cancer development. released by various cell types under both normal conditions, they can be found multiple bodily fluids. Moreover, carrying wide variety macromolecules provide window into altered cellular or tissue states. Their presence biological fluids renders them an attractive, minimally invasive approach for liquid biopsies with potential biomarkers diagnosis, prediction, surveillance. Due to their biocompatibility low immunogenicity cytotoxicity, have clinical applications development innovative therapeutic approaches. Here, we summarize recent advances technologies exosome isolation research. We outline functions regulating tumor metastasis, drug resistance, immune modulation context Finally, discuss prospects challenges exosome-based therapeutics.

Language: Английский

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Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 19(1)

Published: Aug. 12, 2021

Abstract Exosomes are lipid bilayer membrane vesicles and emerging as competent nanocarriers for drug delivery. The clinical translation of exosomes faces many challenges such massive production, standard isolation, loading, stability quality control. In recent years, artificial based on nanobiotechnology to overcome the limitations natural exosomes. Major types include ‘nanovesicles (NVs)’, ‘exosome-mimetic (EM)’ ‘hybrid (HEs)’, which obtained by top-down, bottom-up biohybrid strategies, respectively. Artificial powerful alternatives Here, we outline advances in through discuss their strengths, future perspectives. development holds great values translational nanomedicine.

Language: Английский

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Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Jan. 12, 2024

Abstract Although stem cell-based therapy has demonstrated considerable potential to manage certain diseases more successfully than conventional surgery, it nevertheless comes with inescapable drawbacks that might limit its clinical translation. Compared cells, cell-derived exosomes possess numerous advantages, such as non-immunogenicity, non-infusion toxicity, easy access, effortless preservation, and freedom from tumorigenic ethical issues. Exosomes can inherit similar therapeutic effects their parental cells embryonic adult through vertical delivery of pluripotency or multipotency. After a thorough search meticulous dissection relevant literature the last five years, we present this comprehensive, up-to-date, specialty-specific disease-oriented review highlight surgical application exosomes. derived (e.g., embryonic, induced pluripotent, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, neural, endothelial cells) are capable treating encountered in orthopedic neurosurgery, plastic general cardiothoracic urology, head neck ophthalmology, obstetrics gynecology. The diverse cells-derived hierarchical translation tissue-specific responses, cell-specific molecular signaling pathways. In review, viable potent alternative managing various conditions. We recommend future research combines wisdoms surgeons, nanomedicine practitioners, cell researchers intriguing area.

Language: Английский

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Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in tissue repair: challenges and opportunities

Theranostics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(13), P. 5979 - 5997

Published: Jan. 1, 2020

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are important players in tissue homeostasis and regeneration owing to their immunomodulatory potential release of trophic factors that promote healing.They have been increasingly used clinical trials treat multiple conditions associated with inflammation damage such as graft versus host disease, orthopedic injuries cardiac liver diseases.Recent evidence demonstrates beneficial effects derived, at least part, from secretome.In particular, data animal models first-in-man studies indicate MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can exert similar therapeutic origin.MSC-EVs membranous structures loaded proteins, lipids, carbohydrates nucleic acids, which play an role cell-cell communication may represent attractive alternative for cell-based therapy.In this article we summarize recent advances the use MSC-EVs repair.We highlight several isolation characterization approaches enrich EVs.We discuss our current understanding relative contribution regenerative mediated by MSCs MSC secretome.Finally challenges opportunities, come cell free therapy require repair.

Language: Английский

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Exosomes in clinical trial and their production in compliance with good manufacturing practice

Tzu Chi Medical Journal, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 32(2), P. 113 - 113

Published: Dec. 5, 2019

Exosomes, 60-200-nm extracellular vesicles secreted from cells, have been used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient or drug carrier in disease treatment.Human-and plant-derived exosomes are registered clinical trials, but more complete reports available for human-derived exosomes.Because act and carry cell secreting components, they peptide vehicles to treat diseases.The dendritic cells (DCs) mesenchymal stem (MSCs) two popular sources exosome preparation.Exosomes DCs can initiate inflammation patients, particularly patients with cancer, contain the tumor antigen induce specific response.A well-established bank of MSCs is available, these be alternative source preparation.The major application MSC-derived treatment.Exosomes trials need comply good manufacturing practice (GMP).Three important issues prevalent GMP exosomes, i.e., upstream cultivation process, downstream purification quality control.This paper concisely reviews development, including generation trial application.

Language: Английский

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Inclusion Biogenesis, Methods of Isolation and Clinical Application of Human Cellular Exosomes

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(2), P. 436 - 436

Published: Feb. 6, 2020

Exosomes are a heterogenous subpopulation of extracellular vesicles 30–150 nm in range and endosome-derived origin. We explored the exosome formation through different systems, including endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) ESCRT-independent system, looking at mechanisms release. Different isolation techniques specificities exosomes from tissues cells also discussed. Despite more than 30 years research that followed their definition indicated important role cellular physiology, biology is still its infancy with rapidly growing interest. The reasons rapid increase interest respect to because they provide means intercellular communication transmission macromolecules between cells, potential development diseases. Moreover, have been investigated as prognostic biomarkers, further diagnostic tools neurodegenerative diseases cancer. grows fact were reported useful vectors drugs.

Language: Английский

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Exosomes as Naturally Occurring Vehicles for Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals: Insights from Drug Delivery to Clinical Perspectives

Nanomaterials, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(6), P. 1481 - 1481

Published: June 3, 2021

Exosomes as nanosized vesicles are emerging drug delivery systems for therapeutics owing to their natural origin, ability mediate intercellular communication, and potential encapsulate various biological molecules such proteins nucleic acids within the lipid bilayer membrane or in lumen. contain endogenous components (proteins, lipids, RNA) that could be used deliver cargoes target cells, offering an opportunity diagnose treat diseases. Owing travel safely extracellular fluid transport cells with high efficacy, exosomes offer enhanced of vivo. However, several challenges related stabilization exosomes, production sufficient amounts safety efficient loading drugs into clearance from circulation, transition bench scale clinical may limit development use. For use it is important understand molecular mechanisms behind function exosome vesicles. This review exploits techniques isolation characterization enhance therapeutic outcome methods. Further, routes administration, trials, regulatory aspects will discussed this review.

Language: Английский

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Plant‐derived exosome‐like nanoparticles: A concise review on its extraction methods, content, bioactivities, and potential as functional food ingredient

Journal of Food Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 86(7), P. 2838 - 2850

Published: June 20, 2021

Abstract Plant‐derived exosome‐like nanoparticles (PDENs) are small vesicles released by multivesicular bodies mainly to communicate between cells and regulate immunity against pathogen attack. Current studies have reported that PDENs could modulate gene expression in a cross‐kingdom fashion. Therefore, be potential future functional food ingredient as their communication abilities were exert multiple health benefits. Macrophage other been absorb manner regulated the membrane lipid protein profile intactness of bilayer. extracted from plant materials various techniques such ultracentrifugation, immunoaffinity, size‐based isolation, precipitation, though each method has its pros cons. contain lipid, protein, genetic materials, micro RNAs, which benefits functionalities when consumed sufficient amounts. However, most on conducted through in‐vitro in‐vivo studies, potency used remains question sensitive storage processing condition requires costly extraction method. This concise review features exosome methods, contents roles, PDENs, ingredient.

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells‐derived exosomes on osteoarthritis

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 25(19), P. 9281 - 9294

Published: Aug. 27, 2021

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown chondroprotective effects in clinical models of osteoarthritis (OA). However, MSC-derived exosomes on OA remain unclear. The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential from human bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) alleviating OA. anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and destabilization medial meniscus (DMM) surgery were performed knee joints a rat model, followed by intra-articular injection BM-MSCs or their exosomes. In addition, BM-MSC-derived administrated primary chondrocytes observe functional molecular alterations. Both alleviated cartilage destruction subchondral remodelling model. Administration could reduce joint damage restore trabecular volume fraction, number connectivity density rats. vitro assays showed that BM-MSCs-exosomes maintain chondrocyte phenotype increasing collagen type II synthesis inhibiting IL-1β–induced senescence apoptosis. Furthermore, exosomal lncRNA MEG-3 also reduced apoptosis induced IL-1β, indicating might partially account anti-OA BM-MSC exerted beneficial reducing chondrocytes, suggesting provide candidate therapy for treatment.

Language: Английский

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