Characterisation and Stabilisation Mechanisms of Azelaic Acid Nanosuspensions: Insights from a Dual Stabiliser System DOI Creative Commons
Sandra Miočić,

Jelena Torić,

Marina Juretić

et al.

Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 439 - 439

Published: March 29, 2025

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the stabilisation mechanisms of azelaic acid nanosuspensions (AZA-NS) prepared by wet media milling (WMM) using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and chitosan as stabilisers. The aim was to elucidate physical interactions relevant for evaluate effectiveness a dual stabiliser approach improve AZA-NS stability. Methods: were characterised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) chemical interactions, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal properties, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyse adsorption on AZA surface X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystallinity. Contact angle immersion studies performed wettability, alternative stabilisers tested comparison. Results: Highly concentrated (up 20% drug loading) successfully produced with particle sizes between 326.8 541.2 nm, which are in optimal range follicular delivery. FTIR confirmed not interaction. DSC revealed melting point depression, indicating partial disorder crystal lattice. AFM imaging showed different patterns HPMC chitosan, suggesting better coverage compared XRD retention crystalline form after milling. improved wettability due synergistic effects chitosan. Alternative suboptimal performance, highlighting superior stabilising potential HPMC–chitosan combination. Conclusions: provides important insights into highlights importance combining steric electrostatic formulation stable medium soluble drugs such AZA. These results support development optimised increased stability pharmaceutical applicability.

Language: Английский

Characterisation and Stabilisation Mechanisms of Azelaic Acid Nanosuspensions: Insights from a Dual Stabiliser System DOI Creative Commons
Sandra Miočić,

Jelena Torić,

Marina Juretić

et al.

Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 439 - 439

Published: March 29, 2025

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the stabilisation mechanisms of azelaic acid nanosuspensions (AZA-NS) prepared by wet media milling (WMM) using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and chitosan as stabilisers. The aim was to elucidate physical interactions relevant for evaluate effectiveness a dual stabiliser approach improve AZA-NS stability. Methods: were characterised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) chemical interactions, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal properties, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyse adsorption on AZA surface X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystallinity. Contact angle immersion studies performed wettability, alternative stabilisers tested comparison. Results: Highly concentrated (up 20% drug loading) successfully produced with particle sizes between 326.8 541.2 nm, which are in optimal range follicular delivery. FTIR confirmed not interaction. DSC revealed melting point depression, indicating partial disorder crystal lattice. AFM imaging showed different patterns HPMC chitosan, suggesting better coverage compared XRD retention crystalline form after milling. improved wettability due synergistic effects chitosan. Alternative suboptimal performance, highlighting superior stabilising potential HPMC–chitosan combination. Conclusions: provides important insights into highlights importance combining steric electrostatic formulation stable medium soluble drugs such AZA. These results support development optimised increased stability pharmaceutical applicability.

Language: Английский

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