Current Research in Food Science,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
4, P. 105 - 114
Published: Jan. 1, 2021
Chocolate
is
a
complex
soft
material
characterized
by
solid
particles
(cocoa
powder,
milk
and
sugar
crystals)
dispersed
in
crystallized
fat
matrix
mostly
composed
of
cocoa
butter
(CB).
Important
chocolate
properties
such
as
snap,
visual
appearance
are
strongly
dependent
on
the
internal
molecular
arrangement
(polymorph),
size
shape,
well
spatial
distribution
CB
crystals
within
mix.
In
recent
years
confectionary
companies
have
put
increasing
effort
developing
novel
recipes
to
improve
nutritional
profile
products
(e.g.,
reducing
amount
high
saturated
content)
counteract
price
sustainability
issues
related
some
ingredients.
Different
reformulation
strategies
can
dramatically
affect
crystallization
thermodynamic
kinetic
behaviour
butter;
therefore,
affecting
structural
sensorial
chocolate.
this
review
we
analyse
how
different
and,
hence,
particular,
work
discusses
effect
of:
(1)
replacement
with
emulsions,
hydrogels,
oleogels
oleofoams;
(2)
dilution
limonene
or
equivalents;
(3)
reduction
We
found
that
there
certainly
potential
for
successful
alternative
controlled
crystalline
properties;
however,
further
research
still
needed
ensure
sensory
acceptance
reasonable
shelf-life
these
products.
Annual Review of Resource Economics,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
12(1), P. 321 - 344
Published: May 19, 2020
Rising
global
demand
for
vegetable
oil
during
the
last
few
decades
has
led
to
a
drastic
increase
in
land
area
under
palm.
Especially
Southeast
Asia,
palm
boom
contributed
economic
growth,
but
it
also
spurred
criticism
about
negative
environmental
and
social
effects.
Here,
we
discuss
production
consumption
trends
review
environmental,
economic,
consequences
different
parts
of
world.
The
expansion
tropical
deforestation
associated
losses
biodiversity
ecosystem
functions.
Simultaneously,
increased
incomes,
generated
employment,
reduced
poverty
among
farm
nonfarm
households.
Around
50%
worldwide
is
managed
by
smallholders.
Sustainability
trade-offs
between
preserving
public
goods
private
benefits
need
be
reduced.
We
policy
implications
related
productivity
rainforest
protection,
mosaic
landscapes,
property
rights,
sustainability
certification,
smallholder
inclusion,
others.
Journal of Cleaner Production,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
278, P. 123914 - 123914
Published: Aug. 28, 2020
Palm
oil
is
an
important
commodity
contributing
to
livelihoods
of
many
communities,
GDP
governments
and
the
achievement
several
sustainable
development
goals
(SDG)
including
no
poverty,
zero
hunger,
decent
work
economic
growth.
However,
its
cultivation
continuous
expansion
due
high
increasing
demand
has
led
negative
effects
subsequent
calls
make
production
sustainable.
To
this
end,
information
needed
understand
positive
impacts
on
both
environment
human
wellbeing
respond
appropriately.
Sustainability
in
palm
trade
entails
having
a
global
supply
chain
based
environmentally
friendly
socially
acceptable
sourcing.
Much
been
done
understanding
responding
but
not
so
much
social
partly
lack
information.
The
direct
(socio-economic)
indirect
(through
ecosystem
services)
were
reviewed
using
peer-reviewed
literature
Environmental
Justice
Atlas
(EJA).
Our
results
show
that
most
57
case
studies
conducted
Indonesia
Malaysia
where
85%
occurs.
(109)
(99)
humans.
Indirect
through
ecosystems
services
predominantly
(116)
as
impacts.
frequently
studied
conflicts
(25%),
housing
conditions
(18%)
land
grabbing
(16%)
while
income
generation
(33%)
employment
(19%).
Ongoing
initiatives
sector
such
RSPO
are
focused
need
pay
more
attention
(related)
meet
SDGs
ensuring
healthy
lives
promoting
well
responsible
consumption
production,
be
addressed.
Oxford University Press eBooks,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: June 27, 2019
Abstract
Tropical
East
Asia
is
home
to
over
1
billion
people
and
faces
massive
human
impacts
from
its
rising
population
rapid
economic
growth.
It
has
already
lost
more
than
half
of
forest
cover
the
highest
rates
deforestation
logging
in
tropics.
Hunting
trade
wildlife
products
threaten
all
large
many
smaller
vertebrates.
Despite
these
problems,
region
still
supports
an
estimated
15–25
per
cent
global
terrestrial
biodiversity
thus
a
key
focus
for
conservation.
This
book
therefore
deals
with
plants,
animals,
ecosystems
they
inhabit,
as
well
diverse
threats
their
survival
options
provides
background
knowledge
region’s
ecology
needed
by
both
specialists
non-specialists
put
own
work
into
broader
context.
The
first
edition
was
describe
entire
Asian
tropics
subtropics,
southern
China
western
Indonesia,
second
extended
coverage
include
very
similar
Northeast
India,
Bangladesh,
Bhutan.
third
updates
contents
gives
prominence
Anthropocene
possible
conservation
responses.
accessible
style,
comprehensive
coverage,
engaging
illustrations
make
this
advanced
textbook
essential
read
senior
undergraduate
graduate-level
students
studying
tropics,
authoritative
reference
professional
ecologists,
conservationists,
interested
amateurs
worldwide.
Land Use Policy,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
120, P. 106258 - 106258
Published: June 29, 2022
'Sustainable
palm
oil'
aims
to
eliminate
deforestation,
greenhouse
gas
emissions,
land
conflicts
and
labour
abuses
from
oil
global
value
chains
while
maintaining
production
as
a
vehicle
for
development
in
tropical
countries.
However,
smallholder
growers
are
small
minority
of
those
who
certified
sustainable
persistently
face
multiple
socio-economic
challenges.
We
analysed
100
journal
articles
that
address
smallholders,
issues
related
sustainability
order
critically
examine
the
current
state
evidence
upgrading
chains.
identify
focus
on
certification
academic
research
agenda
has
left
key
implementation
knowledge
gaps
meeting
smallholders'
needs
outside
framework.
An
implication
this
is
buyers,
policy-makers,
consumers
do
not
recognise
both
challenges
advantages
small-scale
agriculture
oil.
found
standards
struggle
resolve
persistent
challenges,
such
low
incomes,
yields
insecure
tenure.
Certification
appears
be
flawed
method
conceptualize
measure
smallholders.
We,
therefore,
advocate
broadening
approaches
studying
production,
particularly
target
immediate
concern
farmers
opposed
prioritising
productivity.
Future
should
take
inspiration
diverse
established
fields
defining
practices,
agroecology
or
agroforestry.
