Intercellular communication via exosomes: A new paradigm in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders

Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 365, P. 123468 - 123468

Published: Feb. 13, 2025

Language: Английский

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Exosomes as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Agents in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Insights and Future Directions

Molecular Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 17, 2025

Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and ALS rank among the most challenging global health issues, marked by substantial obstacles in early diagnosis effective treatment. Current diagnostic techniques frequently demonstrate inadequate sensitivity specificity, whilst conventional treatment strategies encounter challenges related to restricted bioavailability insufficient blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Recently, exosomes—nanoscale vesicles packed with proteins, RNAs, lipids—have emerged as promising agents potential reshape therapeutic approaches these diseases. Unlike drug carriers, they naturally traverse BBB can deliver bioactive molecules affected neural cells. Their molecular cargo influence cell signaling, reduce neuroinflammation, potentially slow neurodegenerative progression. Moreover, exosomes serve non-invasive biomarkers, enabling precise while allowing real-time disease monitoring. Additionally, engineered exosomes, loaded molecules, enhance this capability targeting diseased neurons overcoming barriers. By offering enhanced reduced immunogenicity, an ability bypass physiological limitations, exosome-based present a transformative advantage over existing approaches. This review examines multifaceted role of NDDs, emphasizing their capabilities, intrinsic functions, advanced vehicles.

Language: Английский

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Emerging Insights into Brain Inflammation: Stem-Cell-Based Approaches for Regenerative Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(7), P. 3275 - 3275

Published: April 1, 2025

Neuroinflammation is a complex immune response triggered by brain injury or pathological stimuli, and highly exacerbated in neurodegenerative diseases. It plays dual role the central nervous system, promoting repair acute stages while aggravating disease progression contributing to neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, glial dysregulation chronic phases. Inflammatory responses are mainly orchestrated microglia infiltrated monocytes, which, when dysregulated, not only harm existing neurons, but also impair survival differentiation of neural stem progenitor cells affected regions. Modulating neuroinflammation crucial for harnessing its protective functions minimizing detrimental effects. Current therapeutic strategies focus on fine-tuning inflammatory through pharmacological agents, bioactive molecules, cell-based therapies. These approaches aim restore homeostasis, support neuroprotection, promote regeneration various neurological disorders. However, animal models sometimes fail reproduce human-specific brain. In this context, stem-cell-derived provide powerful tool study neuroinflammatory mechanisms patient-specific physiologically relevant context. facilitate high-throughput screening, personalized medicine, development targeted therapies addressing limitations traditional models, paving way more effective treatments.

Language: Английский

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Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Parkinson’s Disease

ACS Chemical Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 9, 2025

Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation can synergistically accelerate dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-sEVs) inhibit Nox4/ROS production by delivering specific miRNAs, regulate the EGR1/NOX4/p38MAPK axis to exert antioxidant effects, enhance capacity activating Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Additionally, at same time, be alleviated inhibiting Sp1 signal regulating pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory factors. MSC-sEVs penetrate blood-brain barrier, improve movement disorders, relieve damage PD models, providing a new anti-inflammatory strategy for treatment.

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

Cells, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(8), P. 600 - 600

Published: April 16, 2025

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, detrimental immune response, and neuroinflammation are mainly responsible for injury degeneration dopaminergic neurons in brains patients suffering from PD. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as promising therapeutic approach treating PD due to their ability suppress activation inflammatory cells enhance viability function MSC-EVs can easily bypass blood-brain barrier deliver cargo (neuroprotective factors, immunosuppressive proteins, microRNAs) injured brain-infiltrated cells. A large number recently published experimental studies demonstrated that efficiently alleviated PD-related motor behavioral deficits animal models, indicating should be considered potentially new agents treatment Accordingly, this review article, we summarized current knowledge about potential MSCs-EVs PD, paving way future clinical use neuroinflammatory disorders.

Language: Английский

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A Review of the Neuroprotective Properties of Exosomes Derived from Stem Cells and Exosome-Coated Nanoparticles for Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases and Stroke

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(8), P. 3915 - 3915

Published: April 21, 2025

Neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and stroke, represent significant medical challenges due to their complexity the limitations of current treatment approaches. This review explores potential stem cell (SC)-derived exosomes (Exos) as a transformative therapeutic strategy for these diseases. Exos, especially those derived from SCs, exhibit natural targeting ability, biocompatibility, capacity cross blood-brain barrier (BBB), making them ideal vehicles drug delivery. provides an in-depth discussion properties advantages SC-Exos. It highlights synergistic benefits in approaches treat neurological article discusses mechanisms action SC-Exos, highlighting ability target specific cells, modulate disease pathways, provide controlled release agents. Applications have been investigated, demonstrating improve outcomes conditions such Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's (PD), stroke. Moreover, Exos-coated nanoparticles (NPs) combine Exos with multifunctionality NPs. integration takes advantage exosome membrane biocompatibility capabilities while preserving NPs' beneficial features, loading release. As result, NPs may enhance precision, efficacy, safety interventions. In conclusion, SC-Exos promising innovative approach treating

Language: Английский

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Drug Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier: A New Strategy for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(12), P. 1611 - 1611

Published: Dec. 19, 2024

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as a highly selective between the blood and central nervous system (CNS), its main function is to protect brain from foreign substances. This physiological property plays crucial role in maintaining CNS homeostasis, but at same time greatly limits delivery of drug molecules CNS, thus posing major challenge for treatment neurological diseases. Given that high incidence low cure rate diseases have become global public health problem, development effective BBB penetration technologies important enhancing efficiency delivery, reducing systemic toxicity, improving therapeutic outcomes review describes pathological properties BBB, well current challenges trans-BBB detailing structural basis protection. Secondly, this paper reviews strategies recent years, including physical, biological chemical approaches, nanoparticle-based technologies, provides comprehensive assessment effectiveness, advantages limitations these strategies. It hoped will provide valuable references inspiration future researchers studies

Language: Английский

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Advancements in Antioxidant-Based Therapeutics for Spinal Cord Injury: A Critical Review of Strategies and Combination Approaches

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 17 - 17

Published: Dec. 26, 2024

Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a cascade of secondary damage driven by oxidative stress, characterized the excessive production reactive oxygen species and other molecules, which exacerbate cellular tissue through activation deleterious signaling pathways. This review provides comprehensive critical evaluation recent advancements in antioxidant-based therapeutic strategies for SCI, including natural compounds, RNA-based therapies, stem cell interventions, biomaterial applications. It emphasizes limitations single-regimen approaches, particularly their limited efficacy suboptimal delivery to injured spinal tissue, while highlighting synergistic potential combination therapies that integrate multiple modalities address multifaceted pathophysiology SCI. By analyzing emerging trends current limitations, this identifies key challenges proposes future directions, refinement antioxidant systems, development multi-targeted overcome structural complexities cord. work underscores pressing need innovative integrative approaches advance clinical translation interventions improve outcomes SCI patients.

Language: Английский

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