First satellite track of a juvenile shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the Mediterranean Sea DOI Creative Commons
Brendan D. Shea,

Taylor K. Chapple,

Khaled Echwikhi

et al.

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Dec. 9, 2024

The shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) is a highly mobile, coastal littoral, and epipelagic oceanic species broadly distributed in tropical, subtropical, temperate seas worldwide (Rigby et al., 2019). In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the impacts overfishing on populations, now listed as Endangered by International Union for Conservation Nature (IUCN) Critically Mediterranean Sea due to long-term continuing exploitation coupled with inadequate management (Walls Soldo, 2016). Of particular concern ongoing capture juvenile sharks Central Strait Sicily, which have identified potential nursery areas 2016;Cattano 2023;Mancusi 2023).Even significant declines pelagic regionally (Ferretti 2008), continue be occasionally targeted Sea, though most critical risk populations region bycatch other fisheries (Bradai 2018;Carpentieri 2021). Mediterranean, fishers typically retain their bycatch, some estimates discard rates low 1% (Megalofonou 2005) even protected species, are likely vary season gear (Carpentieri Despite imperiled status, remain one region's commonly encountered fishers, especially longlines 2021), retained despite falling under regional protections such Bern Convention, Bonn Barcelona Convention (Serena 2014). additional relatively unmonitored recreational fishery, may additionally encounter high numbers sharks, many retained, but scale this fishery not well known (Udovičić 2019;Panayiotou 2020). Concerningly, young-of-the-year (YOY) specimens comprise bulk captured individuals reported (Saidi 2019;Udovičić 2020;Cattano 2023;Scacco 2023). Given life history particularly advanced age at maturity (Natanson 2020), frequent represents severe threat will never reach maturity, let alone successfully reproduce. These losses highlight need more detailed information regarding movement patterns space use little Mediterranean.In proliferation telemetry studies drastically improved our understanding movements large marine predators like around globe (Queiroz 2019); however, virtually no study focused sharks. Here, we report satellite track from pop-off archival tag (PAT) deployed May 2023. To knowledge, first Sea. We describe horizontal vertical performed over 54 days liberty (DAL), discussing drivers observed implications conservation regionally.We opportunistically tagged female (estimated size = ~120 cm total length; estimated age: 1-4 years) while observing longline fishing operations Tunisian plateau (Figure 1). was 17 th 2023, early morning, after being approximately 40 meters (m) depth. via bottom an area characterized seagrass meadows. 3-hour period 19:30-22:30 night 16 left soak 90 minutes before retrieval commenced midnight. line brought boat 03:15 roughly halfway through retrieval. quickly board PAT (Model: MiniPAT, Wildlife Computers, Redmond, WA, USA), attached using monofilament tether wrapped heat shrink tubing stainless-steel dart anchor that implanted dorsal musculature (Jorgensen 2010). programmed sample light, depth, temperature every 3 seconds 180 auto-detect mortality depth threshold release (DTR) settings activated. Immediately tagging, hook removed, released. All research conducted Virginia Tech Institutional Animal Care Use Committee Protocol 22-094.We reconstructed animal's probable two frequently used models interpreting light-level position PATs. did omit any immediately tagging limited length. GPE3, location processing framework Hidden Markov model (HMM) provided manufacturer published methods (Pedersen 2011). Initial derived algorithmically light curves generated during twilight events create latitude longitude, further constrained comparing tag-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs) remotely sensed SSTs (obtained NOAA Optimum Interpolation SST V2 High Resolution Dataset) location. then processed within HMM estimate hidden state (i.e., true location) incorporating observation error, animal speed, application bathymetric mask (from ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model) constrain locations daily. A posterior probability distribution time step, consisting per day. iteratively ran different diffusion speeds speed parameter controlling hypothetical distance could travel between observations) ranging 0.75 second (m/s) 2 m/s (in intervals 0.25 m/s) selected resulted highest score (model scores manufacturer; 1.75 m/s). minimum would converge 0.9 m/s, so run instead run. range tested according manufacturer's recommendation 1.5-2x average sustained swimming animal; animal-borne biologgers mean cruising 0.53 (Saraiva 2023) 0.91 (Waller Plots tracks all GPE3 runs included Supplemental Figure S1.We positions developed Block al. (2011) Wilson (2015). This also uses framework, yet key differences. Most notably, latter incorporates chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling approach refine distribution, such, refer HMM_MCMC duration manuscript. Furthermore, only day.The physically recovered July drifting 20 beach central-eastern Sardinia, returned us, allowing us access raw, 3-second interval data records rather than relying time-binned transmitted satellite. analyzed raw characterize time-at-depth (TAD) time-at-temperature (TAT) distributions diel period. analyses were R version 4.3.1 (R Core Team, RStudio 2023.09.1+494 (RStudio Data manipulation packages tidyverse (Wickham 2019), package suncalc (Thieurmel Elmarhraoui, 2022) assigning local sunrise sunset times. visualization following packages: ggplot2 (Wickham, 2016), marmap (Pante 2023), viridis (Garnier 2024) scales 2023).On 10 DAL, PAT's DTR activated, causing its float begin transmission binned data. MiniPAT tags rated withstand pressure depths 2,000 m; protects it 1,800 m achieves crush knowledge ecology (Vaudo 2016;Andrzejaczek rapid, consistent moved suffered putative event sank into deep waters, activate ahead 180-day deployment surfaced 64 kilometers (km) east linear displacement 408 km point although actual significantly longer both There differences outputs models. GPE3-estimated slightly (summed points 1405 km) 1207 km), taking south across Gulf Gabès waters north Libya half June 1A). mid-June, began swim consistently northwest, passing Sicily Tyrrhenian covering 700 three weeks. contrast, HMM_MCMC-estimated suggested much part (late June), moving off shelf deeper similar where 1B). As GPE3estimated track, showed directed beginning smaller given track.Notably, depth-temperature profiles four weeks post-tagging, remained uppermost 50 water column, primarily mixed layer thermocline 2). late June, made several dives 100 range. By pattern diving 150-200 m, continued 2A). From start July, generally 125 column; 6, had previously, reaching 400 consecutive days, spending above 2B).After prolonged morning hours 10, experienced pulse recorded rapid descent 110 followed slower still descent, 505 deepest observations up until (Supplementary S2). Over 8 hours, 500 650 general slow observed. ascension m. 475 another ascent, rapidly descended activating DTR.Overall, spent 26.6% 73.9% varied month. It surface-oriented 40.5% 37.5% upper respectively, figure dropped 16.9% June. Although > 250 450 respectively months 90% (upper m) overall each individual month 2B).The here documented fine-scale representing animal, reveals can mobile stages.Although Pelagie Islands hypothesized play role lamnids (Fergusson, 2002;Moro directional away very young age. age-growth available based years old (Ribot-Carballal 2005;Natanson 2007). Such (408 days) stage important implications, when considering multiple nurseries Sea.Various repeated captures YOY hypothesize numerous including Turkey (Tunçer Kabasakal, 2016;Bengi̇l 2019;Ergüden 2021;Akyol Capapé, 2024), Archipelago (Cattano Ligurian northwest Seas (Mancusi Asinara (Scacco Adriatic present here, shark, provides evidence capable long-range short scales, demonstrating move potentially connect variously areas. Broad-scale juveniles if confirmed datasets, unique region. Juvenile New Zealand Australia displaced >1000 demonstrated varying complex strategies long periods residency travel, presumptive migration always (Rogers 2015;Francis 2018). general, degree intraspecific variation stages. suite Northwest Atlantic host disparate adults, resident animals site fidelity who migrations magnitude direction (Casey Kohler, 1992;Gibson 2021;Santos underscores show stages, entirely discrete, notion historical focus catch delineate candidates spatial protection.Although model's demonstrate toward differ considerably track. While substantially length, do differing implications. takes Libyan effectively traversing nations levels catches 2018;Milazzo portion northern edge. tracks, crossed jurisdictions, highlighting international cooperation efforts (Daly lack regionally, wide stages should prioritized. Where possible, future implement double-tagging help geolocation GPE3/HMM_MCMC basin.Of note increased liberty. precise linkages shark's dive challenging inherent uncertainty geolocation, relative constraints plateau, less common. Indeed, close 10% greater May, 1%. Tunisia increase activity, last expanded further, achieving daily ~400 leading presumed interaction. Potential activity throughout include thermoregulation, foraging, behavioral mode (Abascal 2010;Rogers 2018;Santos 2021;Braun 2023;Vaudo 2024).Temperature influenced just end 30° C summer months, thermal preferences geographically, makos parts world shown preferentially occupy ambient closer 20° 2015;Santos heading summer, northward frequently. Additionally, TAD tendency spend (where warmest) cooler nighttime However, noted study, dove often far beyond thermocline, 150 or experiencing constant below ~75 2A), more. TAT daytime 2B, row), occupying preferential band. increasingly warm allowed probe time, capacity re-warm (Carey 1981;Klimley 2002;Loefer 2005). Though needed better elucidate does indeed influence 2010;Vaudo 2017;Francis Thermoregulation played least partial driving warmed, activity. Additional resolve decades (Marriner alterations result changes (Parravicini 2015).An alternative explanation behavior driven foraging. Foraging posited primary driver 2010;Braun closely linked Shortfin feed column (Compagno, 2001), expand daylight (Loefer 2005;Abascal 2010), surface, they presumably vertically migrating prey (Braun observe habitat liberty, perhaps artifact limitation portions traveled plateau. Nonetheless, migrators, foraging opportunities traveled, Achieving intersect mesopelagic forage scattering layers (DSLs), western (Peña 2014;Peña, 2024). Many thought DSLs component energy budget (Andrzejaczek 2019(Andrzejaczek , 2022;;Braun 2022Braun 2023)), seemingly exploit resource 2023).A third possible associated switch comparably northward. alter opposed state, traveling frequently, warmer offshore (Santos doing so, attempt maximize locate resources patchily 2015;Vaudo Since must these relocation (Francis 2018;Vaudo navigation inconclusive TAD/TAT observed, cannot determine shark; resulting inherently comprises aspects strategy acted concert waters.Considering profile near carcass seafloor. nature impossible discern alone; (Kroodsma 2018;Paolo 2024;Ferretti Press), spike right suggesting fate emphasizes risks faced regionally. initially longline, results retention >95% 2005), fact alternatively released, nonetheless months. Previous work fisheries-dependent underestimate (Byrne 2017), presented interaction, threat. fully dismiss possibility post-release own process, believe extensive reflect physiologically compromised animal.The successful highlights value collaboration fishers. Dozens rod-and-reel handlines previous expeditions unsuccessful locating reportedly challenges (Micarelli whereas scope commercial (e.g., Cattano outside fisheries, rate mako, sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) (Echwikhi 2014;Saidi white (Carcharadon carcharias) 2018), promising avenue promote integration stakeholders planning development plans urgently protect dwindling region.While broad adding context previously capability distances scales. subsequent elevated exposed grave population, underestimated dependent alone. sorely needed, provide shape investigations row) distributions, red blue. Note 571 y-axes panels. 572

Language: Английский

Fishers’ knowledge and risk assessment: a combined approach to studying endangered large-bodied sharks in the central Mediterranean DOI Creative Commons

Lorenzo Jacopo De Santis,

Sara Bonanomi, Daniel Li Veli

et al.

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 4, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Looking into the prevalence of bycatch juveniles of critically endangered elasmobranchs: a case study from pelagic longline and trammel net fisheries of the Asinara Gulf (western Mediterranean) DOI Creative Commons
Umberto Scacco, Enrico Gennari, Simone Di Crescenzo

et al.

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Nov. 28, 2023

Bycatch of cartilaginous species is considered one the main drivers for dramatic declines observed in many populations. Pelagic longlines and passive nets impact depending on their life stage habitat use. Here, we present an updated list incidental catches collected through a 4-year fishery-dependent survey. We documented bycatch four critically endangered species, particularly 13 individuals Isurus oxyrinchus , Prionace glauca Mobula mobular by specimen Lamna nasus trammel Asinara Gulf (Northern Sardinia, Italy). As almost all specimens were juveniles or newborns, explored discussed potential explaining prevalence sample. Despite our low sample size, possible options discussed, role as Important Shark Ray Area (ISRA) large pelagic elasmobranch worth considering.

Language: Английский

Citations

5
Studying Chondrichthyans Using Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems: A Review DOI Creative Commons
Francesco Luigi Leonetti, Massimiliano Bottaro, Gianni Giglio

et al.

Animals, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(13), P. 1875 - 1875

Published: June 25, 2024

Cartilaginous fish face significant threats due to overfishing and slow reproductive rates, leading rapid declines in their populations globally. Traditional capture-based surveys, while valuable for gathering ecological information, pose risks the health survival of these species. Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems (BRUVS) offer a non-invasive alternative, allowing standardized surveys across various habitats with minimal disturbance marine life. This study presents comprehensive review BRUVS applications studying cartilaginous fish, examining 81 peer-reviewed papers spanning from 1990 2023. The analysis reveals increase usage over past three decades, particularly Australia, South Africa, Central America. most common configurations include benthic setups, mono-camera systems, use Clupeidae Scombridae families as bait. have been instrumental 195 chondrichthyan species, providing insights into up thirteen different aspects life histories. Moreover, facilitate monitoring endangered data-deficient contributing crucial data conservation efforts. Overall, this underscores value powerful tool conserving worldwide.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
First satellite track of a juvenile shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the Mediterranean Sea DOI Creative Commons
Brendan D. Shea,

Taylor K. Chapple,

Khaled Echwikhi

et al.

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Dec. 9, 2024

The shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) is a highly mobile, coastal littoral, and epipelagic oceanic species broadly distributed in tropical, subtropical, temperate seas worldwide (Rigby et al., 2019). In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the impacts overfishing on populations, now listed as Endangered by International Union for Conservation Nature (IUCN) Critically Mediterranean Sea due to long-term continuing exploitation coupled with inadequate management (Walls Soldo, 2016). Of particular concern ongoing capture juvenile sharks Central Strait Sicily, which have identified potential nursery areas 2016;Cattano 2023;Mancusi 2023).Even significant declines pelagic regionally (Ferretti 2008), continue be occasionally targeted Sea, though most critical risk populations region bycatch other fisheries (Bradai 2018;Carpentieri 2021). Mediterranean, fishers typically retain their bycatch, some estimates discard rates low 1% (Megalofonou 2005) even protected species, are likely vary season gear (Carpentieri Despite imperiled status, remain one region's commonly encountered fishers, especially longlines 2021), retained despite falling under regional protections such Bern Convention, Bonn Barcelona Convention (Serena 2014). additional relatively unmonitored recreational fishery, may additionally encounter high numbers sharks, many retained, but scale this fishery not well known (Udovičić 2019;Panayiotou 2020). Concerningly, young-of-the-year (YOY) specimens comprise bulk captured individuals reported (Saidi 2019;Udovičić 2020;Cattano 2023;Scacco 2023). Given life history particularly advanced age at maturity (Natanson 2020), frequent represents severe threat will never reach maturity, let alone successfully reproduce. These losses highlight need more detailed information regarding movement patterns space use little Mediterranean.In proliferation telemetry studies drastically improved our understanding movements large marine predators like around globe (Queiroz 2019); however, virtually no study focused sharks. Here, we report satellite track from pop-off archival tag (PAT) deployed May 2023. To knowledge, first Sea. We describe horizontal vertical performed over 54 days liberty (DAL), discussing drivers observed implications conservation regionally.We opportunistically tagged female (estimated size = ~120 cm total length; estimated age: 1-4 years) while observing longline fishing operations Tunisian plateau (Figure 1). was 17 th 2023, early morning, after being approximately 40 meters (m) depth. via bottom an area characterized seagrass meadows. 3-hour period 19:30-22:30 night 16 left soak 90 minutes before retrieval commenced midnight. line brought boat 03:15 roughly halfway through retrieval. quickly board PAT (Model: MiniPAT, Wildlife Computers, Redmond, WA, USA), attached using monofilament tether wrapped heat shrink tubing stainless-steel dart anchor that implanted dorsal musculature (Jorgensen 2010). programmed sample light, depth, temperature every 3 seconds 180 auto-detect mortality depth threshold release (DTR) settings activated. Immediately tagging, hook removed, released. All research conducted Virginia Tech Institutional Animal Care Use Committee Protocol 22-094.We reconstructed animal's probable two frequently used models interpreting light-level position PATs. did omit any immediately tagging limited length. GPE3, location processing framework Hidden Markov model (HMM) provided manufacturer published methods (Pedersen 2011). Initial derived algorithmically light curves generated during twilight events create latitude longitude, further constrained comparing tag-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs) remotely sensed SSTs (obtained NOAA Optimum Interpolation SST V2 High Resolution Dataset) location. then processed within HMM estimate hidden state (i.e., true location) incorporating observation error, animal speed, application bathymetric mask (from ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model) constrain locations daily. A posterior probability distribution time step, consisting per day. iteratively ran different diffusion speeds speed parameter controlling hypothetical distance could travel between observations) ranging 0.75 second (m/s) 2 m/s (in intervals 0.25 m/s) selected resulted highest score (model scores manufacturer; 1.75 m/s). minimum would converge 0.9 m/s, so run instead run. range tested according manufacturer's recommendation 1.5-2x average sustained swimming animal; animal-borne biologgers mean cruising 0.53 (Saraiva 2023) 0.91 (Waller Plots tracks all GPE3 runs included Supplemental Figure S1.We positions developed Block al. (2011) Wilson (2015). This also uses framework, yet key differences. Most notably, latter incorporates chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling approach refine distribution, such, refer HMM_MCMC duration manuscript. Furthermore, only day.The physically recovered July drifting 20 beach central-eastern Sardinia, returned us, allowing us access raw, 3-second interval data records rather than relying time-binned transmitted satellite. analyzed raw characterize time-at-depth (TAD) time-at-temperature (TAT) distributions diel period. analyses were R version 4.3.1 (R Core Team, RStudio 2023.09.1+494 (RStudio Data manipulation packages tidyverse (Wickham 2019), package suncalc (Thieurmel Elmarhraoui, 2022) assigning local sunrise sunset times. visualization following packages: ggplot2 (Wickham, 2016), marmap (Pante 2023), viridis (Garnier 2024) scales 2023).On 10 DAL, PAT's DTR activated, causing its float begin transmission binned data. MiniPAT tags rated withstand pressure depths 2,000 m; protects it 1,800 m achieves crush knowledge ecology (Vaudo 2016;Andrzejaczek rapid, consistent moved suffered putative event sank into deep waters, activate ahead 180-day deployment surfaced 64 kilometers (km) east linear displacement 408 km point although actual significantly longer both There differences outputs models. GPE3-estimated slightly (summed points 1405 km) 1207 km), taking south across Gulf Gabès waters north Libya half June 1A). mid-June, began swim consistently northwest, passing Sicily Tyrrhenian covering 700 three weeks. contrast, HMM_MCMC-estimated suggested much part (late June), moving off shelf deeper similar where 1B). As GPE3estimated track, showed directed beginning smaller given track.Notably, depth-temperature profiles four weeks post-tagging, remained uppermost 50 water column, primarily mixed layer thermocline 2). late June, made several dives 100 range. By pattern diving 150-200 m, continued 2A). From start July, generally 125 column; 6, had previously, reaching 400 consecutive days, spending above 2B).After prolonged morning hours 10, experienced pulse recorded rapid descent 110 followed slower still descent, 505 deepest observations up until (Supplementary S2). Over 8 hours, 500 650 general slow observed. ascension m. 475 another ascent, rapidly descended activating DTR.Overall, spent 26.6% 73.9% varied month. It surface-oriented 40.5% 37.5% upper respectively, figure dropped 16.9% June. Although > 250 450 respectively months 90% (upper m) overall each individual month 2B).The here documented fine-scale representing animal, reveals can mobile stages.Although Pelagie Islands hypothesized play role lamnids (Fergusson, 2002;Moro directional away very young age. age-growth available based years old (Ribot-Carballal 2005;Natanson 2007). Such (408 days) stage important implications, when considering multiple nurseries Sea.Various repeated captures YOY hypothesize numerous including Turkey (Tunçer Kabasakal, 2016;Bengi̇l 2019;Ergüden 2021;Akyol Capapé, 2024), Archipelago (Cattano Ligurian northwest Seas (Mancusi Asinara (Scacco Adriatic present here, shark, provides evidence capable long-range short scales, demonstrating move potentially connect variously areas. Broad-scale juveniles if confirmed datasets, unique region. Juvenile New Zealand Australia displaced >1000 demonstrated varying complex strategies long periods residency travel, presumptive migration always (Rogers 2015;Francis 2018). general, degree intraspecific variation stages. suite Northwest Atlantic host disparate adults, resident animals site fidelity who migrations magnitude direction (Casey Kohler, 1992;Gibson 2021;Santos underscores show stages, entirely discrete, notion historical focus catch delineate candidates spatial protection.Although model's demonstrate toward differ considerably track. While substantially length, do differing implications. takes Libyan effectively traversing nations levels catches 2018;Milazzo portion northern edge. tracks, crossed jurisdictions, highlighting international cooperation efforts (Daly lack regionally, wide stages should prioritized. Where possible, future implement double-tagging help geolocation GPE3/HMM_MCMC basin.Of note increased liberty. precise linkages shark's dive challenging inherent uncertainty geolocation, relative constraints plateau, less common. Indeed, close 10% greater May, 1%. Tunisia increase activity, last expanded further, achieving daily ~400 leading presumed interaction. Potential activity throughout include thermoregulation, foraging, behavioral mode (Abascal 2010;Rogers 2018;Santos 2021;Braun 2023;Vaudo 2024).Temperature influenced just end 30° C summer months, thermal preferences geographically, makos parts world shown preferentially occupy ambient closer 20° 2015;Santos heading summer, northward frequently. Additionally, TAD tendency spend (where warmest) cooler nighttime However, noted study, dove often far beyond thermocline, 150 or experiencing constant below ~75 2A), more. TAT daytime 2B, row), occupying preferential band. increasingly warm allowed probe time, capacity re-warm (Carey 1981;Klimley 2002;Loefer 2005). Though needed better elucidate does indeed influence 2010;Vaudo 2017;Francis Thermoregulation played least partial driving warmed, activity. Additional resolve decades (Marriner alterations result changes (Parravicini 2015).An alternative explanation behavior driven foraging. Foraging posited primary driver 2010;Braun closely linked Shortfin feed column (Compagno, 2001), expand daylight (Loefer 2005;Abascal 2010), surface, they presumably vertically migrating prey (Braun observe habitat liberty, perhaps artifact limitation portions traveled plateau. Nonetheless, migrators, foraging opportunities traveled, Achieving intersect mesopelagic forage scattering layers (DSLs), western (Peña 2014;Peña, 2024). Many thought DSLs component energy budget (Andrzejaczek 2019(Andrzejaczek , 2022;;Braun 2022Braun 2023)), seemingly exploit resource 2023).A third possible associated switch comparably northward. alter opposed state, traveling frequently, warmer offshore (Santos doing so, attempt maximize locate resources patchily 2015;Vaudo Since must these relocation (Francis 2018;Vaudo navigation inconclusive TAD/TAT observed, cannot determine shark; resulting inherently comprises aspects strategy acted concert waters.Considering profile near carcass seafloor. nature impossible discern alone; (Kroodsma 2018;Paolo 2024;Ferretti Press), spike right suggesting fate emphasizes risks faced regionally. initially longline, results retention >95% 2005), fact alternatively released, nonetheless months. Previous work fisheries-dependent underestimate (Byrne 2017), presented interaction, threat. fully dismiss possibility post-release own process, believe extensive reflect physiologically compromised animal.The successful highlights value collaboration fishers. Dozens rod-and-reel handlines previous expeditions unsuccessful locating reportedly challenges (Micarelli whereas scope commercial (e.g., Cattano outside fisheries, rate mako, sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) (Echwikhi 2014;Saidi white (Carcharadon carcharias) 2018), promising avenue promote integration stakeholders planning development plans urgently protect dwindling region.While broad adding context previously capability distances scales. subsequent elevated exposed grave population, underestimated dependent alone. sorely needed, provide shape investigations row) distributions, red blue. Note 571 y-axes panels. 572

Language: Английский

Citations

0