Processes,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(7), P. 2070 - 2070
Published: July 11, 2023
Facilitating
the
demands
of
modern
society,
namely,
smartphones,
televisions,
electric
vehicles,
and
high-stability
aircraft
structures,
requires
low-cost
high-performance
materials
a
corresponding
change
in
approach
needed
to
design
them.
Rare
earth
elements
(REEs)
play
significant
role
achieving
these
objectives
by
adding
small
amounts
alloys,
thereby
enhancing
material
properties.
Despite
being
more
abundant
than
precious
metals,
17
REEs
exhibit
subtle
variations
their
chemical
physical
characteristics.
Thus,
separation
is
still
crucial
for
industrial
applications.
There
need
develop
effective
efficient
methods.
Adding
challenge
complexity
sources
related
materials.
large-scale
production
REE
difficult.
Current
processing
techniques
can
be
categorized
into
pre-treatment,
beneficiation,
separation,
refining.
Researchers
have
developed
various
technologies
encompassing
chemical,
physical,
biological
methods,
focusing
on
economic
environmental
considerations.
However,
not
all
approaches
scaled
up
mass
production.
This
article
focuses
feasible
strategies
such
as
precipitation
crystallization,
oxidation
reduction,
ion
exchange,
adsorption,
solvent
extraction,
membrane
separation.
Further
research
traditional
methods
potentially
revolutionize
dynamics
REEs.
Minerals,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(10), P. 1051 - 1051
Published: Sept. 28, 2021
The
need
for
rare
earths
elements
(REEs)
in
high
tech
electrical
and
electronic
based
materials
are
vital.
In
the
global
economy,
deposits
of
natural
REEs
limited
except
countries
such
as
China,
which
has
prompted
current
attempts
to
seek
alternative
resources
REEs.
This
increased
dependence
on
major
secondary
earth-bearing
sources
scrap
alloy,
battery
waste,
spent
catalysts,
fly
ash,
magnets,
waste
light-emitting
diodes
(LEDs),
phosphogypsum
(PG)
a
substantial
recovery
use.
Recycling
from
these
through
hydrometallurgical
processes
is
becoming
sustainable
viable
approach
due
low
energy
consumption,
generation,
few
emissions,
environmentally
friendliness,
economically
feasibility.
Industrial
wastes
PG
generated
production
phosphoric
acid
potential
resource
that
contains
total
REE
concentration
over
2000
mg/kg
depending
upon
phosphate
ore
it
generated.
Due
trace
(normally
<
0.1%
wt.)
their
tiny
complex
occurrence
mineral
phases
process
would
be
highly
challenging
both
technology
economy.
Various
physicochemical
pre-treatments
approaches
have
been
used
up
date
up-concentrate
prior
extraction.
Methods
carbonation,
roasting,
microwave
heating,
grinding
or
recrystallization
widely
this
purpose.
present
paper
reviews
recent
literature
various
techniques
currently
employed
REs
provide
preliminary
insight
into
further
critical
raw
recovery.
addition,
advantages
disadvantages
different
strategies
discussed
avenues
realization
at
larger
scale.
all
approaches,
appears
show
promising
well
pure
phase
can
obtained.
European Polymer Journal,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
165, P. 111001 - 111001
Published: Jan. 15, 2022
Natural
rubber
(NR)1
is
a
biopolymer
mainly
composed
of
isoprene
units
linked
to
form
double
bonds
with
cis
configuration.
After
the
vulcanization
process,
NR
widely
employed
not
only
into
fabrication
tyres,
but
also
for
many
other
products.
Due
forthcoming
depletion
fossil
fuel
sources
and
growing
tyre
waste
issue,
considered
as
potential
source
fine
chemicals.
Isoprene
oligomers
can
be
obtained
either
through
bio-
or
chemical
fragmentation
processes.
Although
several
microorganisms
are
able
fragment
chains
were
isolated,
use
isolated
enzymes
proved
more
efficient
regarding
number
compounds
produced.
Among
methodologies
depolymerization,
oxidative
cleavages
cross
metathesis
most
commonly
used
procedures
obtain
oligomers.
enzymatically
catalyzed
fragmentations
cleavage
possesses,
have
aldehyde
ketone
end
chain
groups.
A
wide
range
terminal
groups
reactions.
We
point
main
recover
highlight
some
applications
perspectives.
Processes,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(7), P. 2070 - 2070
Published: July 11, 2023
Facilitating
the
demands
of
modern
society,
namely,
smartphones,
televisions,
electric
vehicles,
and
high-stability
aircraft
structures,
requires
low-cost
high-performance
materials
a
corresponding
change
in
approach
needed
to
design
them.
Rare
earth
elements
(REEs)
play
significant
role
achieving
these
objectives
by
adding
small
amounts
alloys,
thereby
enhancing
material
properties.
Despite
being
more
abundant
than
precious
metals,
17
REEs
exhibit
subtle
variations
their
chemical
physical
characteristics.
Thus,
separation
is
still
crucial
for
industrial
applications.
There
need
develop
effective
efficient
methods.
Adding
challenge
complexity
sources
related
materials.
large-scale
production
REE
difficult.
Current
processing
techniques
can
be
categorized
into
pre-treatment,
beneficiation,
separation,
refining.
Researchers
have
developed
various
technologies
encompassing
chemical,
physical,
biological
methods,
focusing
on
economic
environmental
considerations.
However,
not
all
approaches
scaled
up
mass
production.
This
article
focuses
feasible
strategies
such
as
precipitation
crystallization,
oxidation
reduction,
ion
exchange,
adsorption,
solvent
extraction,
membrane
separation.
Further
research
traditional
methods
potentially
revolutionize
dynamics
REEs.
