Neurofeedback
allows
individuals
to
monitor
and
self-regulate
their
brain
activity,
potentially
improving
human
function.
Beyond
the
traditional
electrophysiological
approach
using
primarily
electroencephalography,
haemodynamics
measured
with
functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
(fMRI)
more
recently,
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
have
been
used
(haemodynamic-based
neurofeedback),
particularly
improve
spatial
specificity
of
neurofeedback.
Over
recent
years,
especially
fNIRS
has
attracted
great
attention
because
it
offers
several
advantages
over
fMRI
such
as
increased
user
accessibility,
cost-effectiveness
mobility—the
latter
being
most
distinct
feature
fNIRS.
The
next
logical
step
would
be
transfer
haemodynamic-based
neurofeedback
protocols
that
already
proven
validated
by
mobile
However,
this
undertaking
is
not
always
easy,
since
novices
may
miss
important
fNIRS-specific
methodological
challenges.
This
review
aimed
at
researchers
from
different
fields
who
seek
exploit
unique
capabilities
for
It
carefully
addresses
challenges
suggestions
possible
solutions.
If
raised
are
addressed
further
developed,
could
emerge
a
useful
technique
its
own
application
potential—the
targeted
training
activity
in
real-world
environments,
thereby
significantly
expanding
scope
scalability
applications.
Frontiers in Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: March 28, 2025
To
evaluate
the
efficacy
of
EEG
neurofeedback
(EEG-NF)
combined
with
pharmacological
treatment
on
positive
and
negative
symptoms
in
schizophrenia.
Randomized
controlled
trials
(RCTs)
were
searched
CNKI,
Wanfang,
VIP,
PubMed,
Web
Science,
Cochrane,
Embase
databases
until
January
25,
2025.
Literature
quality
was
assessed
using
PEDro
CRED-NF
checklists.
Meta-analysis
publication
bias
tests
performed
RevMan
5.4.1
Stata
18.0,
respectively,
evidence
evaluated
via
GRADEpro.
Fourteen
studies
(1371
patients)
included.
EEG-NF
significantly
improved
(SMD=-0.87)
(SMD=-1.28).
Subgroup
analysis
showed
greater
improvement
patients
aged
≥45
years
(positive:
SMD=-1.05;
negative:
SMD=-1.64).
For
symptoms,
better
outcomes
observed
intervention
periods
≥8
weeks,
frequency
≥4
times/week,
disease
duration
≥5
(SMD=-1.04,
-0.94,
-0.94).
seen
<5
(SMD=-1.34,
-1.68,
-1.26).
Mental
emotional
disorders
regimens
targeting
sensorimotor
rhythm
(SMR)
beta
waves
significant
both
(SMD=-0.98)
(SMD=-1.49).
effectively
improves
schizophrenia
symptoms.
A
regimen
sessions/week
for
SMR
waves,
is
recommended.
However,
may
limit
generalizability
findings.
Future
research
should
prioritize
larger-scale,
multicenter
to
long-term
mechanisms.
www.crd.york.ac.uk,
identifier
CRD42024593505.
NeuroImage,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
237, P. 118207 - 118207
Published: May 25, 2021
Real-time
fMRI
neurofeedback
is
an
increasingly
popular
neuroimaging
technique
that
allows
individual
to
gain
control
over
his/her
own
brain
signals,
which
can
lead
improvements
in
behavior
healthy
participants
as
well
of
clinical
symptoms
patient
populations.
However,
a
considerably
large
ratio
undergoing
training
do
not
learn
their
signals
and,
consequently,
benefit
from
interventions,
limits
efficacy
interventions.
As
success
varies
between
studies
and
participants,
it
important
identify
factors
might
influence
success.
Here,
for
the
first
time,
we
employed
big
data
machine
learning
approach
investigate
20
different
design-specific
(e.g.
activity
vs.
connectivity
feedback),
region
interest-specific
cortical
subcortical)
subject-specific
age)
on
performance
improvement
608
28
independent
experiments.
With
classification
accuracy
60%
(considerably
chance
level),
identified
two
significantly
influenced
performance:
Both
inclusion
pre-training
no-feedback
run
before
patients
compared
were
associated
with
better
performance.
The
positive
effect
runs
be
due
familiarization
setup
mental
imagery
task
runs.
Better
driven
by
higher
motivation
patients,
ranges
regulation
dysfunctional
or
more
extensive
piloting
experimental
paradigms.
Due
heterogeneity
our
dataset,
these
findings
likely
generalize
across
studies,
thus
providing
guidance
designing
efficient
specifically
improving
neurofeedback-based
To
facilitate
development
data-driven
recommendations
specific
design
details
subpopulations
field
would
stronger
engagement
open
science
research
practices
sharing.
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: June 9, 2021
Dementia
describes
a
set
of
symptoms
that
occur
in
neurodegenerative
disorders
and
is
characterized
by
gradual
loss
cognitive
behavioral
functions.
Recently,
non-invasive
neurofeedback
training
has
been
explored
as
potential
complementary
treatment
for
patients
suffering
from
dementia
or
mild
impairment.
Here
we
systematically
reviewed
studies
protocols
based
on
electroencephalography
functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
these
groups
patients.
From
total
1,912
screened
studies,
10
were
included
our
final
sample
(
N
=
208
independent
participants
experimental
81
the
control
completing
primary
endpoint).
We
compared
clinical
efficacy
across
evaluated
their
designs
reporting
quality.
In
most
showed
improved
scores
different
tests.
However,
data
randomized
controlled
trials
remains
scarce,
evidence
standardized
metrics
still
inconclusive.
light
recent
meta-research
developments
field
beyond,
quality
practices
individual
are
reviewed.
conclude
with
recommendations
best
future
investigate
effects
NeuroImage,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
270, P. 120000 - 120000
Published: March 3, 2023
Neurofeedback
training
(NFT)
refers
to
a
where
the
participants
voluntarily
aim
manipulate
their
own
brain
activity
using
sensory
feedback
abstracted
from
activity.
NFT
has
attracted
attention
in
field
of
motor
learning
due
its
potential
as
an
alternative
or
additional
method
for
general
physical
training.
In
this
study,
systematic
review
studies
performance
improvements
healthy
adults
and
meta-analysis
on
effectiveness
were
conducted.
A
computerized
search
was
performed
databases
Web
Science,
Scopus,
PubMed,
JDreamIII,
Ichushi-Web
identify
relevant
published
between
January
1st,
1990,
August
3rd,
2021.
Thirty-three
identified
qualitative
synthesis
16
randomized
controlled
trials
(374
subjects)
meta-analysis.
The
meta-analysis,
including
all
found
search,
revealed
significant
effects
improvement
examined
at
timing
after
last
session
(standardized
mean
difference
=
0.85,
95%
CI
[0.18-1.51]),
but
with
existence
publication
biases
substantial
heterogeneity
among
trials.
Subsequent
meta-regression
analysis
demonstrated
dose-response
gradient
NFTs
improvements;
more
than
125
min
cumulative
time
may
benefit
subsequent
performance.
For
each
measure
(e.g.,
speed,
accuracy,
hand
dexterity),
remains
inconclusive,
mainly
small
sample
sizes.
More
empirical
be
needed
show
beneficial
safely
incorporate
into
real-world
scenarios.
Frontiers in Neuroergonomics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
5
Published: June 5, 2024
The
optical
brain
imaging
method
functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
is
a
promising
tool
for
real-time
applications
such
as
neurofeedback
and
brain-computer
interfaces.
Its
combination
of
spatial
specificity
mobility
makes
it
particularly
attractive
clinical
use,
both
at
the
bedside
in
patients'
homes.
Despite
these
advantages,
optimizing
fNIRS
use
requires
careful
attention
to
two
key
aspects:
ensuring
good
maintaining
high
signal
quality.
While
detects
superficial
cortical
regions,
consistently
reliably
targeting
specific
regions
interest
can
be
challenging,
studies
that
require
repeated
measurements.
Variations
cap
placement
coupled
with
limited
anatomical
information
may
further
reduce
this
accuracy.
Furthermore,
important
maintain
quality
contexts
ensure
they
reflect
true
underlying
activity.
However,
signals
are
susceptible
contamination
by
cerebral
extracerebral
systemic
noise
well
motion
artifacts.
Insufficient
preprocessing
therefore
cause
system
run
on
instead
aim
review
article
help
advance
progress
fNIRS-based
applications.
It
highlights
potential
challenges
improving
quality,
discusses
possible
options
overcome
challenges,
addresses
considerations
relevant
By
addressing
topics,
aims
improve
planning
execution
future
studies,
thereby
increasing
their
reliability
repeatability.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: Jan. 6, 2023
Despite
the
existence
of
several
emotion
regulation
studies
using
neurofeedback,
interactions
among
a
small
number
regions
were
evaluated,
and
therefore,
further
investigation
is
needed
to
understand
brain
involved
in
regulation.
We
implemented
electroencephalography
(EEG)
neurofeedback
with
simultaneous
functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
(fMRI)
modified
happiness-inducing
task
through
autobiographical
memories
upregulate
positive
emotion.
Then,
an
explorative
analysis
whole
was
done
effect
on
activity
interaction
The
participants
control
experimental
groups
asked
do
while
viewing
images
getting
sham
or
real
(based
alpha
asymmetry)
EEG
respectively.
proposed
multimodal
approach
quantified
effects
changing
power,
fMRI
blood
oxygenation
level-dependent
(BOLD)
prefrontal,
occipital,
parietal,
limbic
(up
1.9%
increase),
connectivity
in/between
system,
insula
group.
New
links
identified
by
comparing
between
conditions
(Upregulation
View
blocks)
also
groups.
Psychometric
assessments
confirmed
significant
changes
negative
mood
states
group
neurofeedback.
Based
exploratory
all
regions,
we
found
BOLD
increases
due
group,
but
no
learning
observed
results
reveal
new
connections
as
result
which
can
be
justified
according
models
role
those
recalling
memories.
The
advancement
of
neurotechnological
tools
for
meditation
and
mindfulness
training
may
help
to
accelerate
many
the
transformational
states
traits
that
result
from
consistent
practice.
However,
adopting
a
traditional
one-size-fits-all
approach
in
development
tools,
such
as
neurofeedback
applications
training,
will
likely
limit
potential
benefits;
individual
differences
compensatory
mechanisms
strongly
impact
both
efficacy
given
protocol,
well
how
foundational
skills
are
acquired.
Here
we
emphasize
importance
embracing
propose
novel,
personalized
intervention
technologies
sidestep
potentially
deleterious
outcomes.
Given
growing
interest
research
on
effects
brain,
behavior,
overall
health,
briefly
address
some
philosophical
cultural
challenges
associated
with
translating
contemplative
practices
into
applications,
further
accentuating
need
individualized
multimodal
approaches.