Research Square (Research Square),
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 26, 2023
Abstract
Fear
overgeneralization
is
a
potential
pathogenic
mechanism
of
anxiety-related
disorders.
A
dominant
model
posits
that
occurs
when
the
hippocampus
fails
to
distinctly
encode
benign
stimuli
with
insufficient
similarity
previously
encountered
fear
cues,
triggering
excessive
retrieval
stored
representations.
This
has
cross-species
support
but
not
been
causally
tested
in
humans.
developing
literature
demonstrates
hippocampal
network
targeted
transcranial
magnetic
stimulation
(HNT-TMS)
can
strengthen
hippocampal-dependent
memory
encoding.
Building
on
this
literature,
we
hypothesized
HNT-TMS
would
encoding
perceptually
similar
and
thereby
reduce
errors
(i.e.,
sharpen
discrimination)
participants
post-traumatic
stress
symptoms.
We
predicted
effect
emerge
for
as
measured
by
Farmer
Task
neutral
Mnemonic
Similarity
Task.
Continuous
theta-burst
(cTBS)
was
delivered
individualized
left
posterior-parietal
targets
derived
via
precision
functional
mapping,
seed-based
connectivity,
electric-field
modeling
methods.
vertex
control
target
also
stimulated
within-subject
design
(final
N
=
25).
Multilevel
models
did
reveal
significant
interactions
between
or
stimulus
discrimination.
However,
strengthened
discrimination
lower
sensitization,
indexed
responsivity
unrelated
CS+.
Sensitization
reflects
indiscriminate
responding
CS
+
expected
engage
matching
function.
Our
findings
therefore
indicate
may
selectively
function
more
strongly
engaged.
Molecular Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 27, 2025
The
amygdala
has
increasingly
been
proposed
as
a
therapeutic
target
for
patients
with
post-traumatic
stress
disorder
(PTSD).
However,
the
distinct
contributions
of
left
and
right
to
various
aspects
fear
processing
remain
inadequately
understood.
Here,
we
critically
re-evaluate
key
findings
from
human
functional
neuroimaging
lesion
studies
on
conditioning
extinction.
We
propose
that
while
both
amygdalae
likely
make
critical
processing,
is
more
associated
sensory-mediated
expression,
cognitive-mediated
acquisition
With
accumulating
evidence
studies,
suggest
differentially
targeting
versus
ablative
or
neuromodulatory
therapies
can
be
crucial
optimizing
PTSD
treatment.
Translational Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Jan. 8, 2024
Abstract
The
ventromedial
prefrontal
cortex
(vmPFC;
rodent
infralimbic
(IL)),
is
posited
to
be
an
important
locus
of
fear
extinction-facilitating
effects
the
dopamine
(DA)
bio-precursor,
L-DOPA,
but
this
hypothesis
remains
formally
tested.
Here,
in
a
model
impaired
extinction
(the
129S1/SvImJ
inbred
mouse
strain;
S1),
we
monitored
extracellular
DA
dynamics
via
vivo
microdialysis
IL
during
and
following
L-DOPA
administration.
Systemic
caused
sustained
elevation
levels
increased
neuronal
activation
subpopulation
neurons.
enabled
learning
promoted
retention
at
one
not
ten
days
after
training.
Conversely,
direct
microinfusion
into
produced
long-term
(an
effect
that
was
insensitive
ɑ-/ß-adrenoreceptor
antagonism).
However,
intra-IL
delivery
D1-like
or
D2
receptor
agonist
did
facilitate
extinction.
Using
ex
multi-electrode
array
recordings,
along
with
quantification
immediate
early
genes
signalling
markers
mPFC,
found
evidence
reduced
DA-evoked
mPFC
network
responses
S1
as
compared
extinction-competent
C57BL/6J
mice
were
partially
driven
by
D1
activation.
Together,
our
data
demonstrate
locally
increasing
sufficient
produce
lasting
rescue
finding
systemic
levels,
had
only
transient
on
extinction,
suggests
failed
reach
threshold
level
opposing
behavioural
other
brain
regions.
Collectively,
findings
provide
further
insight
neural
basis
extinction-promoting
clinically
relevant
animal
model,
possible
implications
for
therapeutically
targeting
system
anxiety
trauma-related
disorders.
Behavioural Brain Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
476, P. 115232 - 115232
Published: Sept. 3, 2024
Anxiety
disorders
are
among
the
most
common
mental
disorders.
Treatment
guidelines
recommend
pharmacotherapy
and
cognitive
behavioral
therapy
as
standard
treatment.
Although
is
an
effective
therapeutic
approach,
not
all
patients
benefit
sufficiently
from
it.
In
recent
years,
non-invasive
brain
stimulation
techniques,
such
transcranial
magnetic
stimulation,
have
been
investigated
promising
adjuncts
in
treatment
of
affective
The
aim
this
study
to
investigate
whether
a
combination
intermittent
theta
burst
(iTBS)
virtual
reality
exposure
leads
significantly
greater
reduction
acrophobia
than
with
sham
stimulation.
randomized
double-blind
placebo-controlled
study,
43
participants
received
verum
or
iTBS
over
left
dorsolateral
prefrontal
cortex
prior
two
sessions
therapy.
Stimulation
was
motivated
by
experimental
showing
positive
effect
on
extinction
memory
retention.
Acrophobic
symptoms
were
assessed
using
questionnaires
approach
tasks
one
week
before,
after
six
months
second
diagnostic
session.
results
showed
that
led
significant
acrophobic
symptoms,
overall
remission
rate
79%.
However,
there
no
additional
effects.
Further
research
needed
determine
how
exactly
should
be
designed
enhance
efficacy.
American Journal of Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
181(12), P. 1045 - 1058
Published: Dec. 1, 2024
Posttraumatic
stress
disorder
(PTSD)
is
a
highly
prevalent
psychiatric
that
can
become
chronic
and
debilitating
when
left
untreated.
The
most
commonly
recommended
first-line
treatments
for
PTSD
among
adults
are
individual
trauma-focused
psychotherapies.
Other
evidence-based
include
specific
antidepressant
medications
non-trauma-focused
Despite
the
effectiveness
of
these
available
treatments,
many
patients'
symptoms
do
not
remit.
This
has
led
to
search
novel
PTSD.
In
this
review,
authors
critically
evaluate
data
supporting
several
emerging
pharmacological
other
somatic
interventions
in
categories
medication-assisted
psychotherapy,
medication
monotherapy
strategies,
neuromodulation,
selected
because
salience
their
mechanisms
action
pathophysiology
(e.g.,
MDMA-assisted
ketamine,
cannabidiol,
transcranial
magnetic
stimulation).
also
evidence
focus
increasing
scientific
or
public
interest
(i.e.,
hyperbaric
oxygen
therapy,
stellate
ganglion
block,
neurofeedback).
To
date,
preliminary
variable;
however,
such
as
stimulation,
encouraging.
Biomedicines,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(12), P. 3189 - 3189
Published: Nov. 30, 2023
Deficits
in
cognitive
flexibility
have
been
characterized
affective,
anxiety,
and
neurodegenerative
disorders.
This
paper
reviews
data,
mainly
from
studies
on
animal
models,
that
support
the
existence
of
a
cortical-striatal
brain
circuit
modulated
by
dopamine
(DA),
playing
major
role
cognitive/behavioral
flexibility.
Moreover,
we
reviewed
clinical
findings
supporting
misfunctioning
this
Parkinson's
disease
could
be
responsible
for
some
important
non-motoric
symptoms.
The
point
to
catecholaminergic
transmission
medial
prefrontal
cortex
(mpFC)
modulating
DA's
availability
nucleus
accumbens
(NAc),
as
well
NAc
DA
motivational
value
natural
conditioned
stimuli.
review
section
is
accompanied
preliminary
experiment
aimed
at
testing
weather
extinction
simple
Pavlovian
association
fosters
increased
mpFC
inhibition
NAc.
