What, If, and When to Move: Basal Ganglia Circuits and Self-Paced Action Initiation

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 42(1), P. 459 - 483

Published: April 24, 2019

Deciding what to do and when move is vital our survival. Clinical fundamental studies have identified basal ganglia circuits as critical for this process. The main input nucleus of the ganglia, striatum, receives inputs from frontal, sensory, motor cortices interconnected thalamic areas that provide information about potential goals, context, actions directly or indirectly modulates outputs. striatum also dopaminergic can signal reward prediction errors behavioral transitions movement initiation. Here we review models how direct indirect pathways modulate outputs facilitate initiation, discuss role cortical in determining if it. Complex but exciting scenarios emerge shed new light on self-paced

Language: Английский

---

Rethinking the Pedunculopontine Nucleus: From Cellular Organization to Function

Neuron, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 94(1), P. 7 - 18

Published: April 1, 2017

Language: Английский

---

The Brainstem in Emotion: A Review

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: March 9, 2017

Emotions depend upon the integrated activity of neural networks that modulate arousal, autonomic function, motor control and somatosensation. Brainstem nodes play critical roles in each these networks, but prior studies neuroanatomic basis emotion, particularly human neuropsychological literature, have mostly focused on contributions cortical rather than subcortical structures. Given size complexity brainstem circuits, elucidating their structural functional properties involves technical challenges. However, recent advances neuroimaging begun to accelerate research into brainstem's role emotion. In this review, we provide a conceptual framework for neuroscience, psychology behavioral science researchers study involvement emotions. The "emotional brainstem" is comprised three major – Ascending, Descending Modulatory. Ascending network composed chiefly spinothalamic tracts projections nuclei, which transmit sensory information from body rostral subdivided medial reticular formation gain inputs impacting emotional salience, lateral periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus amygdala activate characteristic behaviors. Finally, home group modulatory neurotransmitter pathways, such as those arising raphe nuclei (serotonergic), ventral tegmental area (dopaminergic) locus coeruleus (noradrenergic), form Modulatory coordinates interactions between networks. Integration signaling within occurs at all levels brainstem, with progressively more complex forms integration occurring thalamus. These intermediary structures, turn, input most integrations, occur frontal, insular, cingulate other regions cerebral cortex. Phylogenetically older inform functioning evolutionarily newer regions, turn regulate Via bidirectional interactions, contributes evaluation triggers fixed-action pattern responses together constitute finely-differentiated spectrum possible

Language: Английский

---

Viral Strategies for Targeting the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 323 - 348

Published: May 1, 2018

Recombinant viruses allow for targeted transgene expression in specific cell populations throughout the nervous system. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is among most commonly used neuroscience research. AAVs (rAAVs) are highly versatile and can package cargo composed of desired genes within capsid's ∼5-kb carrying capacity. Numerous regulatory elements intersectional strategies have been validated rAAVs to enable type-specific expression. be delivered neuronal or globally animal. AAV capsids natural type tissue tropism trafficking that modified increased specificity. Here, we describe recently engineered associated extended utility targeting molecularly defined neurons system, which will further facilitate circuit interrogation discovery.

Language: Английский

---

Distinct Contributions of Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Nuclei to Locomotor Control in the Freely Behaving Mouse

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 28(6), P. 884 - 901.e3

Published: March 1, 2018

Language: Английский

---

Biological underpinnings for lifelong learning machines

Nature Machine Intelligence, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 4(3), P. 196 - 210

Published: March 23, 2022

Language: Английский

---

Brainstem Circuits for Locomotion

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 45(1), P. 63 - 85

Published: Jan. 5, 2022

Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that expressed as the output of many integrated brain functions. organized at several levels nervous system, with brainstem circuits acting gate between areas regulating innate, emotional, or motivational locomotion and executive spinal circuits. Here we review recent advances on involved in controlling locomotion. We describe how delineated command govern start, speed, stop, steering also discuss these pathways interface cord diverse important for context-specific selection A recurrent theme need to establish functional connectome from Finally, point unresolved issues concerning function locomotor control.

Language: Английский

---

Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists as Novel Treatments for Schizophrenia

American Journal of Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 179(9), P. 611 - 627

Published: June 27, 2022

Schizophrenia remains a challenging disease to treat effectively with current antipsychotic medications due their limited efficacy across the entire spectrum of core symptoms as well often burdensome side-effect profiles and poor tolerability. An unmet need for novel, mechanistically unique, better tolerated therapeutic agents treating schizophrenia, especially those that not only positive but also negative cognitive disease. Almost 25 years ago, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist xanomeline was reported reduce psychotic improve cognition in patients Alzheimer's The procognitive properties were subsequently confirmed small study acutely chronic schizophrenia. These unexpected clinical findings have prompted considerable efforts academia industry target mAChRs new approach potentially schizophrenia other disorders. authors discuss recent advances mAChR biology pharmacology understanding relative roles various subtypes, downstream cellular effectors, key neural circuits mediating reduction treated xanomeline. They provide an update on status novel agonists currently development potential treatment neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

---

Neurobiological Mechanisms of Nicotine Reward and Aversion

Pharmacological Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 74(1), P. 271 - 310

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain smoking habit. nAChRs also aversive properties nicotine, sensitivity to which decreases use protects against disorder. These opposing behavioral reflect nAChR expression brain reward aversion circuits. containing α4 β2 subunits are responsible for high-affinity binding sites densely expressed by reward-relevant neurons, most notably dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic neurons ventral tegmental area. High-affinity can incorporate additional subunits, including β3, α6, or α5 with resulting subtypes playing discrete dissociable roles stimulatory on dopamine transmission. circuits participate reactions negative affective state experienced during withdrawal. α3 β4 low-affinity enriched involved aversion, medial habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus solitary tract, expressed. aversion-related avoidance behaviors, genetic variation modifies function these increases vulnerability dependence smoking-related diseases. Here, we review molecular, cellular, circuit-level mechanisms through elicits adaptations processes drive development dependence.

Significance Statement

Tobacco disorder form habitual cigarette regular other tobacco-related products is a major cause death disease worldwide. This article reviews contribute

Language: Английский

---

Striosome–dendron bouquets highlight a unique striatonigral circuit targeting dopamine-containing neurons

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 113(40), P. 11318 - 11323

Published: Sept. 19, 2016

Significance The dopamine-containing nigrostriatal system and its return striatonigral pathway form a loop–circuit crucial for the functions of dopamine in modulating movement mood. Here we identify specialized subsystem within this loop. With new mouse models tissue expansion to allow nanoscale imaging, demonstrate that fibers originating striosomes bouquet-like arborizations innervating clusters neurons their ventrally extending, tightly bundled dendrites. Within these formations (termed “striosome–dendron bouquets”), striosomal axons dendrites are intimately intertwined, as other afferent glial elements. stunning selectivity output bouquets suggests could exert powerful focused control over elements normal abnormal states.

Language: Английский

---