Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 24(3), P. 312 - 325

Published: Feb. 15, 2021

Language: Английский

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Physiology of Astroglia

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 98(1), P. 239 - 389

Published: Dec. 24, 2017

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense the central nervous system (CNS). highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude receptors, channels, membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity defines functional maintenance CNS development aging. tightly integrated into networks act within context tissue; astrocytes control at all levels organization from molecular to whole organ.

Language: Английский

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The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting

The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 524(18), P. 3865 - 3895

Published: May 17, 2016

ABSTRACT For half a century, the human brain was believed to contain about 100 billion neurons and one trillion glial cells, with glia:neuron ratio of 10:1. A new counting method, isotropic fractionator, has challenged notion that glia outnumber revived question widely thought have been resolved. The recently validated fractionator demonstrates less than 1:1 total number cells in brain. survey original evidence shows histological data always supported entire brain, range 40–130 cells. We review how claim originated, perpetuated, eventually refuted. compile numbers adult were reported we examine reasons for an erroneous consensus relative abundance brains persisted century. Our includes brief history cell brains, types methods are employed, ranges previous estimates, current status knowledge also discuss implications consequences insights into true promise potential impact newly reliable quantification neurological psychiatric diseases. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3865–3895, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Language: Английский

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Disease-associated astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease and aging

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 23(6), P. 701 - 706

Published: April 27, 2020

Language: Английский

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Astrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases

Acta Neuropathologica, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 131(3), P. 323 - 345

Published: Dec. 15, 2015

Language: Английский

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The dynamic blood–brain barrier

FEBS Journal, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 282(21), P. 4067 - 4079

Published: Aug. 16, 2015

With the endothelium as its central unit, blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex multicellular structure separating nervous system (CNS) from systemic circulation. Disruption of BBB has now been implicated in multitude acute and chronic CNS disorders indicating potentially devastating effects breakdown on brain function. However, healthy not an impermeable wall, but rather communication 'centre', responding to passing signals between blood. New studies are identifying BBB-specific transport pathways that tightly regulate entry exit molecules brain. They revealing highly plastic which dynamic changes components like paracellular tight junction complexes can contribute maintenance. Here, we provide succinct overview current state-of-play research summarize novel findings into regulation homeostatic

Language: Английский

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Age-associated physiological and pathological changes at the blood–brain barrier: A review

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 37(1), P. 4 - 24

Published: Nov. 12, 2016

The age-associated decline of the neurological and cognitive functions becomes more serious challenge for developed countries with increasing number aged populations. morphological biochemical changes in aging brain are subjects many extended research projects worldwide a long time. However, crucial role blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment disruption pathological processes neurodegenerative disorders received special attention just few years. This article gives an overview on major elements its supporting mechanisms also their alterations during development, physiological process (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's pharmacoresistant epilepsy). Besides cellular (endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neuronal elements) BBB neurovascular unit, at molecular level (tight junction proteins, adheres membrane transporters, basal lamina, extracellular matrix) summarized. recognition new players initiators neurodegeneration may offer avenues novel therapeutic approaches treatment numerous chronic currently without effective medication.

Language: Английский

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Astrocyte Heterogeneity: Impact to Brain Aging and Disease

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: March 19, 2019

Astrocytes, one of the largest glial cell population in Central Nervous System, play key function several events brain development and function, such as synapse formation control neurotransmitters release uptake, production trophic factors neuronal survival. Initially described a homogenous population, evidences have pointed that astrocytes are highly heterogeneous, both morphologically functionally, within same region, across different regions. Recent findings suggest heterogeneity expression profile proteins involved astrocyte may predict selective vulnerability regions to specific diseases, well age-related cognitive decline. However, molecular mechanisms underlying these changes, either aging disease scarce. Neuroinflammation, hallmark neurodegenerative diseases aging, is reported dubious impact on activation, cells pro- anti-inflammatory cytokines chemokines, anti-oxidants, free radicals, neurotrophic factors. Despite emerging evidence supporting reactive duality their phenotype, neurotoxic or neuroprotective properties, depending age stimuli, cellular interplays regional still matter discussion. In this review, we will summarize recent phenotypes, likely for during neural diseases. We focus molecules triggered by Finally, discuss new how modulation phenotype could synaptic deficits dysfunction present pathological states.

Language: Английский

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Tau and neuroinflammation: What impact for Alzheimer's Disease and Tauopathies?

Biomedical Journal, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 21 - 33

Published: Feb. 1, 2018

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the most common type of dementia (60–80% cases). In 2016, nearly 44 million people were affected by AD or related dementia. characterized progressive neuronal damages leading to subtle latter obvious decline in cognitive functions including symptoms such as memory loss confusion, which ultimately require full-time medical care. Its neuropathology defined extracellular accumulation amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide into amyloid plaques, intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) consisting aggregated hyper- abnormal phosphorylation tau protein. The latter, identified also Tau pathology, observed broad spectrum neurological diseases commonly referred "Tauopathies". Besides these lesions, sustained neuroinflammatory processes occur, involving notably micro- astro-glial activation, contribute disease progression. Recent findings from genome wide association studies further support an instrumental role neuroinflammation. While interconnections existing between this innate immune response pathogenesis are widely described complex, elaborated evolving, only few focused on pathology. An adaptive takes place conjointly during course, indicated presence vascular parenchymal T-cell patients' brain. underlying mechanisms infiltration its consequences with regards pathology remain understudied so far. present review, we highlight interplays innate/adaptive responses.

Language: Английский

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The role of astroglia in Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology and clinical implications

The Lancet Neurology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 18(4), P. 406 - 414

Published: Feb. 19, 2019

Language: Английский

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