Two-photon polymerization lithography for imaging optics

International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 6(4), P. 042002 - 042002

Published: March 20, 2024

Abstract Optical imaging systems have greatly extended human visual capabilities, enabling the observation and understanding of diverse phenomena. Imaging technologies span a broad spectrum wavelengths from x-ray to radio frequencies impact research activities our daily lives. Traditional glass lenses are fabricated through series complex processes, while polymers offer versatility ease production. However, modern applications often require lens assemblies, driving need for miniaturization advanced designs with micro- nanoscale features surpass capabilities traditional fabrication methods. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, presents solution these challenges benefits rapid prototyping, customized geometries, efficient production, particularly suited miniaturized optical devices. Various 3D printing methods demonstrated advantages over counterparts, yet remain in achieving resolutions. Two-photon polymerization lithography (TPL), technique, enables intricate structures beyond diffraction limit via nonlinear process two-photon absorption within liquid resin. It offers unprecedented abilities, e.g. alignment-free fabrication, prototyping almost arbitrary nanostructures. In this review, we emphasize importance criteria performance evaluation devices, discuss material properties relevant TPL, techniques, highlight application TPL imaging. As first panoramic review on topic, it will equip researchers foundational knowledge recent advancements optics, promoting deeper field. By leveraging its high-resolution capability, extensive range, true processing, alongside advances materials, design, envisage disruptive solutions current promising incorporation future applications.

Language: Английский

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A Review on Reconfigurable Metalenses Revolutionizing Flat Optics

Advanced Optical Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(14)

Published: Dec. 31, 2023

Abstract Metalenses (MLs), representing a groundbreaking paradigm shift within the realm of optics, have ushered in transformative era ability to manipulate and harness power light. Diverging from conventional approach reliant on curved surfaces bend light, MLs intricate arrays minuscule nanostructures exert precise control over phase amplitude incident light waves. This revolutionary technology bestows plethora advantages, including creation ultra‐compact optical systems, enhancement focusing capabilities unprecedented levels, capability rectify aberrations significantly thinner more lightweight form factor. discovered multitude applications spanning diverse fields, imaging photography augmenting reality refining medical devices. They stand as beacon hope for reshaping landscape courtesy their remarkable adaptability exceptional performance. As evolution forges ahead, they hold immense potential transcend boundaries what can be accomplished domain light‐based technologies. review presents recent advances reconfigurable applicability systems.

Language: Английский

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Fabrication of multilevel metalenses using multiphoton lithography: from design to evaluation

Optics Express, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 32(6), P. 10190 - 10190

Published: March 6, 2024

We present a procedure for the design of multilevel metalenses and their fabrication with multiphoton-based direct laser writing. This work pushes this fast versatile technique to its limits in terms achievable feature size dimensions creation compact high-numerical aperture on flat substrates optical fiber tips. demonstrate various numerical apertures up 0.96, optimize process towards nanostructure shape reproducibility. perform characterization spot size, focusing efficiency, functionality beam collimation design, compare performance refractive diffractive counterparts fabricated same technology.

Language: Английский

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Film‐Based Multi‐Photon Lithography for Efficient Printing of Electromagnetic Surface Structures

Advanced Materials Technologies, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 6, 2025

Abstract This study introduces an approach, termed film‐based multi‐photon lithography (MPL), for the efficient fabrication of electromagnetic surface structures. Unlike conventional MPL, which utilizes droplet‐shaped photosensitive volumes 3D structures, this method employs thin films to minimize influence axial voxel dimensions. modification enables rapid printing 2D structures over large areas with dry objective lenses, achieving feature sizes as small 250 nm. The versatility MPL is demonstrated through terahertz metasurfaces featuring metallized split‐ring resonators on glass substrates, well mid‐infrared comprising dielectric pillars silicon‐on‐insulator substrates. These are successfully produced spanning cm 2 and mm using a hybrid organic–inorganic photoresist within maximum processing time h. Particularly organic‐inorganic photoresists, additional post‐processing via calcination shows significant potential producing purely inorganic periodic reduced sizes. Moreover, high‐resolution 2.5D challenging achieve lithographic methods. Experimental results analyzed profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy‐ dispersive X‐ray while simulations confirmed responses metasurfaces.

Language: Английский

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Dual-wavelength multiplexed metasurface holography based on two-photon polymerization lithography

Nanophotonics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(5), P. 581 - 588

Published: March 1, 2025

Abstract Two-photon polymerization (TPP) lithography can process 3D micro–nano structures with high precision and has wide applications in the fields of micro-optics. Metasurfaces flexibly control electromagnetic at subwavelength scale, achieving functions such as multidimensional multiplexing holography achromatic imaging. Meta-devices are usually fabricated via EBL-based process, which is complex difficult to fabricate meta-devices composed meta-atoms different heights. Here, we design a color dual-wavelength metasurface hologram without spatial multiplexing. By combining propagation phase geometric phase, response two wavelengths achieved same polarization state, prepared using TPP laser printing technology. The experimentally reconstructed images consistent theoretical predictions. This not only verifies feasibility this technology preparation samples operating visible band but also provides potential holographic display, optical encryption, anticounterfeiting, other fields.

Language: Английский

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Investigation into fabrication and optical characteristics of tunable optofluidic microlenses using two-photon polymerization

Optics Express, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 32(5), P. 7448 - 7448

Published: Jan. 26, 2024

Optofluidic systems, integrating microfluidic and micro-optical technologies, have emerged as transformative tools for various applications, from molecular detection to flow cytometry. However, existing optofluidic microlenses often rely on external forces tunability, hindering seamless integration into systems. This work presents an approach using two-photon polymerization (TPP) fabricate inherently tunable microlens arrays, eliminating the need supplementary equipment. The design incorporates a three-layered structure enabling dynamic manipulation of refractive indices within microchannels, leading focusing characteristics. It is shown that TPP fabricated exhibit inherent focal lengths, numerical apertures, spot sizes without reliance forces. signifies some advancements in technology, offering precise with potential applications adaptive imaging variable length microscopy.

Language: Английский

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Generation of Arbitrarily Patterned Polarizers Using 2-Photon Polymerization

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 12, 2024

Patterned polarizers are prepared using liquid crystals (LC) doped with a black dichroic dye and in combination linear polarizer. The pattern is achieved nanostructured LC alignment surface, that generated two-photon polymerization direct laser write (2PP-DLW). This technique creates of high-resolution grooves the photoresist at any arbitrary angle. angle governs orientation substrate surface point, determining transmitted light polarization paper presents first use 2PP-DLW cured positive tone for dye-doped alignment. Two complementary photoresists have been employed: conventional negative SU-8 and, this context novel, S1805 photoresist. quality has assessed by analyzing transmission an additional For SU-8, resulting grayscale contrast ratio (CR) 14 measured. uniformity measured to be 65% normalized Shannon entropy (H). S1805, CR 37 was measured, 63% obtained. allows shaping complex patterns submicron dimensions fabrication arbitrarily patterned other devices.

Language: Английский

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Generation of arbitrarily patterned polarizers using 2-photon polymerization

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Sept. 29, 2024

Language: Английский

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