Biology of Sex Differences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)
Published: July 18, 2024
Abstract Biological sex differences exist for many airway diseases in which females have either worse or better health outcomes. Inflammatory such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma display a clear male advantage post-puberty while female benefit is observed during the pre-puberty years. The influence of menstrual cycle stage pregnancy on frequency severity pulmonary exacerbations CF point to role steroid hormones, particularly estrogen, underpinning biological these diseases. There are ways by estrogen may aggravate involving disturbances surface liquid (ASL) dynamics, inappropriate hyper-immune allergenic responses, well exacerbation pathogen virulence. deleterious effect function contrasts with characterised edema pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) COVID-19. Airway hypersecretion alveolar flooding hallmarks ARDS COVID-19, contribute morbidity mortality severe forms ASL dynamics encompasses intrinsic features thin lining fluid covering epithelium regulate mucociliary clearance (ciliary beat, height, volume, pH, viscosity, mucins, channel activating proteases) addition innate defence mechanisms (pathogen virulence, cytokines, defensins, specialised pro-resolution lipid mediators, metabolism). Estrogen regulation contributing CF, COVID-19 major focus this review. Graphical
Language: Английский