Neural Regeneration Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
20(2), P. 416 - 423
Published: April 16, 2024
Several
experimental
evidence
suggests
a
link
between
brain
Herpes
simplex
virus
type-1
infection
and
the
occurrence
of
Alzheimer’s
disease.
However,
molecular
mechanisms
underlying
this
association
are
not
completely
understood.
Among
mediators
synaptic
cognitive
dysfunction
occurring
after
reactivation
in
neuroinflammatory
cytokines
seem
to
occupy
central
role.
Here,
we
specifically
reviewed
literature
reports
dealing
with
impact
neuroinflammation
on
observed
recurrent
brain,
highlighting
role
interleukins
and,
particular,
interleukin
1β
as
possible
target
against
type-1-induced
neuronal
dysfunctions.
Journal of Neuroinflammation,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
22(1)
Published: Feb. 10, 2025
Cerebral
organoids
(COs)
are
valuable
tools
for
studying
the
intricate
interplay
between
glial
cells
and
neurons
in
brain
development
disease,
including
HIV-associated
neuroinflammation.
We
developed
a
novel
approach
to
generate
microglia
containing
COs
(CO-iMs)
by
co-culturing
hematopoietic
progenitors
inducing
pluripotent
stem
cells.
This
allowed
differentiation
of
within
concomitantly
with
neuronal
progenitors.
Compared
conventional
COs,
CO-iMs
were
more
efficient
at
generating
CD45+/CD11b+/Iba-1+
presented
physiologically
relevant
proportion
(~
7%).
substantially
increased
expression
microglial
homeostatic
sensome
markers
as
well
complement
cascade.
susceptible
HIV
infection,
resulting
significant
increase
several
pro-inflammatory
cytokines/chemokines,
which
abrogated
addition
antiretrovirals.
Thus,
CO-iM
is
robust
model
deciphering
neuropathogenesis,
neuroinflammation,
viral
infections
3D
culture
system.
Journal of Advanced Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
66, P. 251 - 265
Published: Jan. 7, 2024
The
incessant
communication
that
takes
place
between
microglia
and
neurons
is
essential
the
development,
maintenance,
pathogenesis
of
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
As
mobile
phagocytic
cells,
serve
a
critical
role
in
surveilling
scavenging
neuronal
milieu
to
uphold
homeostasis.
Brain Behavior and Immunity,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
121, P. 43 - 55
Published: July 5, 2024
Bacterial
peptidoglycan
(PGN)
fragments
are
commonly
studied
in
the
context
of
bacterial
infections.
However,
PGN
recently
gained
recognition
as
signalling
molecules
from
commensal
gut
microbiota
healthy
host.
Here
we
focus
on
minimal
bioactive
motif
muramyl
dipeptide
(MDP),
found
both
Gram-positive
and
Gram-negative
bacteria,
which
signals
through
Nod2
receptor.
MDP
translocates
to
brain
is
associated
with
changes
neurodevelopment
behaviour,
yet
there
limited
knowledge
about
underlying
mechanisms.
In
this
study
demonstrate
that
physiologically
relevant
doses
induce
rapid
microglial
gene
expression
lead
cytokine
chemokine
secretion.
immortalised
(IMG)
cells,
C-C
Motif
Chemokine
Ligand
5
(CCL5/RANTES)
acutely
sensitive
lowest
prevalent
dose
(0.1
µg/ml)
MDP.
As
CCL5
plays
an
important
role
memory
formation
synaptic
plasticity,
might
be
missing
link
elucidating
MDP-induced
alterations
expression.
We
observed
a
higher
physiological
elevates
cytokines
TNF-α
IL-1β,
indicating
transition
toward
pro-inflammatory
phenotype
IMG
was
validated
primary
cultures.
Furthermore,
induces
translocation
NF-κB
subunit
p65
into
nucleus,
blocked
by
MAPK
p38
inhibitor
SB202190,
suggesting
interplay
pathways
responsible
for
MDP-specific
phenotype.
These
findings
underscore
significance
different
levels
shaping
function
CNS
indicate
potential
mediator
early
inflammatory
processes
brain.
It
also
positions
microglia
target
microbiota-brain-axis
pathway
signalling.
Nature Nanotechnology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Oct. 11, 2024
Abstract
Deep
brain
stimulation
with
implanted
electrodes
has
transformed
neuroscience
studies
and
treatment
of
neurological
psychiatric
conditions.
Discovering
less
invasive
alternatives
to
deep
could
expand
its
clinical
research
applications.
Nanomaterial-mediated
transduction
magnetic
fields
into
electric
potentials
been
explored
as
a
means
for
remote
neuromodulation.
Here
we
synthesize
magnetoelectric
nanodiscs
(MENDs)
core–double-shell
Fe
3
O
4
–CoFe
2
–BaTiO
architecture
(250
nm
diameter
50
thickness)
efficient
coupling.
We
find
robust
responses
field
in
neurons
decorated
MENDs
at
density
1
µg
mm
−2
despite
individual-particle
below
the
neuronal
excitation
threshold.
propose
model
repetitive
subthreshold
depolarization
that,
combined
cable
theory,
supports
our
observations
vitro
informs
vivo.
Injected
ventral
tegmental
area
or
subthalamic
nucleus
genetically
intact
mice
concentrations
mg
ml
−1
,
enable
control
reward
motor
behaviours,
respectively.
These
findings
set
stage
mechanistic
optimization
neuromodulation
towards
applications
research.
Brain stimulation,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
18(3), P. 810 - 821
Published: March 19, 2025
Repetitive
transcranial
magnetic
stimulation
(rTMS)
is
a
non-invasive
brain
technique
used
to
modulate
neocortical
excitability,
with
expanding
applications
in
neurological
and
psychiatric
disorders.
However,
the
cellular
molecular
mechanisms
underlying
its
effects,
particularly
role
of
microglia
-the
resident
immune
cells
central
nervous
system-
remain
poorly
understood.
This
review
synthesizes
recent
findings
on
how
different
rTMS
protocols
influence
microglial
function
under
physiological
conditions
disease
models.
Emerging
evidence
indicates
that
modulates
activation,
promoting
neuroprotective
plasticity-enhancing
processes
not
only
models
disorders,
such
as
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's
disease,
but
also
healthy
neural
circuits.
While
much
current
research
has
focused
inflammatory
profile
microglia,
critical
aspects
activity-dependent
synaptic
remodeling,
phagocytic
activity,
process
motility
underexplored.
Given
substantial
heterogeneity
responses
across
regions,
age,
sex,
well
their
differential
roles
health
deeper
understanding
involvement
rTMS-induced
plasticity
essential.
Future
studies
should
integrate
selective
manipulation
advanced
structural,
functional,
profiling
techniques
clarify
causal
involvement.
Addressing
these
gaps
will
be
pivotal
optimizing
maximizing
therapeutic
potential
spectrum
neuropsychiatric
conditions.
Aging and Disease,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(2), P. 459 - 459
Published: Aug. 2, 2023
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
is
a
devastating
neurodegenerative
disorder
that
impacts
substantial
number
of
individuals
globally.
Despite
its
widespread
prevalence,
there
currently
no
cure
for
AD.
It
widely
acknowledged
normal
synaptic
function
holds
key
role
in
memory,
cognitive
abilities,
and
the
interneuronal
transfer
information.
As
AD
advances,
symptoms
including
impairment,
decreased
density,
decline
become
increasingly
noticeable.
The
importance
glial
cells
formation
synapses,
growth
neurons,
brain
maturation,
safeguarding
microenvironment
central
nervous
system
well
recognized.
However,
during
progression,
overactive
can
cause
dysfunction,
neuronal
death,
abnormal
neuroinflammation.
Both
neuroinflammation
dysfunction
are
present
early
stages
Therefore,
focusing
on
changes
glia-synapse
communication
could
provide
insights
into
mechanisms
behind
In
this
review,
we
aim
to
summary
various
cells,
microglia,
astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes,
oligodendrocyte
precursor
regulating
dysfunction.
This
may
offer
new
perspective
investigating
underlying
Neuron,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
112(3), P. 421 - 440.e7
Published: Nov. 17, 2023
Most
cognitive
functions
involving
the
prefrontal
cortex
emerge
during
late
development.
Increasing
evidence
links
this
delayed
maturation
to
protracted
timeline
of
development,
which
likely
does
not
reach
full
maturity
before
end
adolescence.
However,
underlying
mechanisms
that
drive
emergence
and
fine-tuning
abilities
adolescence,
caused
by
circuit
wiring,
are
still
unknown.
Here,
we
continuously
monitored
activity
throughout
postnatal
development
mice
showed
an
initial
increase
was
interrupted
extensive
microglia-mediated
breakdown
activity,
followed
rewiring
elements
achieve
adult-like
patterns
synchrony.
Interfering
with
these
processes
but
adulthood,
led
a
long-lasting
microglia-induced
disruption
neuronal
morphology
decreased
abilities.
These
results
identified
nonlinear
reorganization
circuits
adolescence
revealed
its
importance
for
adult
network
function
processing.
Neurobiology of Stress,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
25, P. 100553 - 100553
Published: June 25, 2023
Microglia
are
involved
in
sleep/wake
cycles
and
the
response
to
sleep
loss.
Synaptic
pruning
by
microglia
is
necessary
for
central
nervous
system
circuit
refinement
contributes
cognitive
function.
Here,
we
investigated
whether
how
microglia-mediated
synaptic
may
be
deficits
induced
deprivation
mice.
Mice
were
deprived
of
leaving
them
a
spontaneously
rotating
rod
72
h,
after
which
their
function
was
assessed
using
an
object
location
test,
Y
maze,
novel
recognition
test.
Sleep
lowered
discrimination
index
familiar
locations
test
maze.
Microglial
morphology
immunostaining
Iba1,
while
examined
based
on
PSD95,
CD68,
Iba1.
also
activated
microglial
cells
hippocampus,
as
reflected
bigger
soma
well
fewer
shorter
branches
than
normal
sleep.
downregulated
phagocytic
markers
internalization
postsynaptic
protein
95
(PSD95),
suggesting
impaired
pruning.
CX3C
motif
chemokine
receptor
1
(CX3CR1)
signaling
detected
vitro
experiments.
CX3CR1.
Activation
CX3CR1
increased
phagocytosis
activity
BV2
vitro.
dysregulates
inhibits
pruning,
contributing
associated
deficits.
These
findings
identify
CX3CR1-dependent
potential
therapeutic
target
causes
impairments.
