Emotion, motivation, decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala

Brain Structure and Function, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 228(5), P. 1201 - 1257

Published: May 13, 2023

The orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala are involved in emotion motivation, but the relationship between these functions performed by brain structures is not clear. To address this, a unified theory of motivation described which motivational states instrumental goal-directed actions to obtain rewards or avoid punishers, emotional that elicited when reward punisher received. This greatly simplifies our understanding for same set genes associated systems can define primary unlearned punishers such as sweet taste pain. Recent evidence on connectivity human indicates value experienced with outputs cortical regions including those language, key region depression changes motivation. has weak effective back humans, implicated brainstem-mediated responses stimuli freezing autonomic activity, rather than declarative emotion. anterior cingulate learning rewards, ventromedial prefrontal providing goals navigation reward-related effects memory consolidation mediated partly via cholinergic system.

Language: Английский

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Roles of the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in major depression and its treatment

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 29(4), P. 914 - 928

Published: Jan. 12, 2024

Language: Английский

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Two what, two where, visual cortical streams in humans

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 160, P. 105650 - 105650

Published: April 3, 2024

ROLLS, E. T. Two What, Where, Visual Cortical Streams in Humans. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 2024. Recent cortical connectivity investigations lead to new concepts about 'What' and 'Where' visual streams humans, how they connect other systems. A ventrolateral stream leads the inferior temporal cortex for object face identity, provides information hippocampal episodic memory system, anterior lobe semantic orbitofrontal emotion system. superior sulcus (STS) utilising from parietal responds moving objects faces, expression, connects social behaviour. ventromedial builds feature combinations scenes, inputs via parahippocampal scene area system that are also useful landmark-based navigation. The dorsal pathway actions space, but coordinate transforms provide self-motion update of locations scenes dark or when view is obscured.

Language: Английский

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Selective activations and functional connectivities to the sight of faces, scenes, body parts and tools in visual and non-visual cortical regions leading to the human hippocampus

Brain Structure and Function, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 229(6), P. 1471 - 1493

Published: June 5, 2024

Connectivity maps are now available for the 360 cortical regions in Human Connectome Project Multimodal Parcellation atlas. Here we add function to these by measuring selective fMRI activations and functional connectivity increases stationary visual stimuli of faces, scenes, body parts tools from 956 HCP participants. Faces activate ventrolateral stream (FFC), superior temporal sulcus (STS) face head motion; inferior parietal (PGi) somatosensory (PF) regions. Scenes ventromedial VMV PHA parahippocampal scene area; medial (7m) lateral (PGp) regions; reward-related orbitofrontal cortex. Body cortex object (TE1p, TE2p); but also motion (MT, MST, FST); (PGi, PGs) unpleasant-related Tools an intermediate ventral area (VMV3, VVC, PHA3); (FST); (1, 2); auditory (A4, A5) The findings maps; show how other related their associations, including motion, somatosensory, auditory, semantic, value-related,

Language: Английский

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Slow semantic learning in the cerebral cortex, and its relation to the hippocampal episodic memory system

Cerebral Cortex, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 35(5)

Published: May 1, 2025

Abstract A key question is how new semantic representations are formed in the human brain and this may benefit from hippocampal episodic memory system. Here, we describe major effective connectivity between system anterior temporal lobe (ATL) humans. Then, present model a theory of be ATL using slow associative learning attractor networks that receive inputs The hypothesis if one category being processed for several seconds, then short-term trace biologically plausible rule will enable all components during time to associated together network. This benefits binding provided by modeled four-layer network view-invariant visual object recognition, followed layer utilizes form categories based on occur close time, or world.

Language: Английский

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Visual cortical networks for “What” and “Where” to the human hippocampus revealed with dynamical graphs

Cerebral Cortex, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 35(5)

Published: May 1, 2025

Abstract Key questions for understanding hippocampal function in memory and navigation humans are the type source of visual information that reaches human hippocampus. We measured bidirectional pairwise effective connectivity with functional magnetic resonance imaging between 360 cortical regions while 956 Human Connectome Project participants viewed scenes, faces, tools, or body parts. developed a method using deterministic dynamical graphs to define whole networks flow both directions their over timesteps after signal is applied V1. revealed ventromedial “Where” network from V1 via retrosplenial medial parahippocampal scene areas hippocampus when scenes viewed. A ventrolateral “What” V2–V4, fusiform face cortex, lateral region TF faces/objects There major implications computations vs rodent navigation: primates fovea highly processing process about location objects, landmarks whereas rodents representations system mainly place where individual located self-motion places.

Language: Английский

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Auditory cortical connectivity in humans

Cerebral Cortex, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 33(10), P. 6207 - 6227

Published: Dec. 27, 2022

Abstract To understand auditory cortical processing, the effective connectivity between 15 regions and 360 was measured in 171 Human Connectome Project participants, complemented with functional diffusion tractography. 1. A hierarchy of processing identified from Core (including A1) to Belt LBelt, MBelt, 52; then PBelt; HCP A4. 2. A4 has anterior temporal lobe TA2, A5, which connects dorsal-bank superior sulcus (STS) STGa, STSda, STSdp. These STS also receive visual inputs about moving faces objects, are combined information help implement multimodal object identification, such as who is speaking, what being said. Consistent this a “what” ventral stream, these have TPOJ1, STV, PSL, TGv, TGd, PGi, language-related semantic connecting Broca’s area, especially BA45. 3. A5 MT MST, connect parietal forming dorsal “where” stream involved actions space. Connections PBelt, A4, BA44 may form stream.

Language: Английский

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The connectivity of the human frontal pole cortex, and a theory of its involvement in exploit versus explore

Cerebral Cortex, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 34(1)

Published: Nov. 21, 2023

Abstract The frontal pole is implicated in humans whether to exploit resources versus explore alternatives. Effective connectivity, functional and tractography were measured between six human regions for comparison 13 dorsolateral dorsal prefrontal cortex regions, the 360 cortical Human Connectome Project Multi-modal-parcellation atlas 171 HCP participants. have effective connectivity with Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Dorsal Cortex, both working memory; orbitofrontal anterior cingulate reward/non-reward system. There also temporal lobe, inferior parietal, posterior regions. Given this new evidence, evidence from activations damage, it proposed that contains autoassociation attractor networks are normally stable a short-term memory state, maintain stability other during exploitation of goals strategies. However, if an input or expected reward, non-reward, punishment received, destabilizes thereby enable exploration competing alternative reward systems may be key explore.

Language: Английский

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Opposite changes in morphometric similarity of medial reward and lateral non-reward orbitofrontal cortex circuits in obesity

NeuroImage, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 290, P. 120574 - 120574

Published: March 11, 2024

Obesity has a profound impact on metabolic health thereby adversely affecting brain structure and function. However, the majority of previous studies used single structural index to investigate link between body mass (BMI), which hinders our understanding covariance regions in obesity. This study aimed examine relationship macroscale cortical organization BMI using novel morphometric similarity networks (MSNs). The individual MSNs were first constructed from eight multimodal features regions. Then within discovery sample 434 participants was assessed. key findings further validated an independent 192 participants. We observed that lateral non-reward orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) exhibited decoupling (i.e., reduction integration) obesity, mainly manifested by its with cognitive systems DMN FPN) while medial reward (mOFC) showed de-differentiation decrease distinctiveness) represented attention VAN). Additionally, lOFC visual system mOFC hyper-coupling sensory-motor As important step revealing role underlying variability, present presents mechanism underlies reward-control interaction imbalance thus can inform future weight-management approaches.

Language: Английский

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A ventromedial visual cortical ‘Where’ stream to the human hippocampus for spatial scenes revealed with magnetoencephalography

Communications Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Aug. 25, 2024

Abstract The primate including the human hippocampus implicated in episodic memory and navigation represents a spatial view, very different from place representations rodents. To understand this system humans, computations performed, pathway for view information to reach was analysed humans. Whole-brain effective connectivity measured with magnetoencephalography between 30 visual cortical regions 150 other using HCP-MMP1 atlas 21 participants while performing 0-back scene task. In ventromedial stream, V1–V4 connect ProStriate region where retrosplenial area is located. has VMV1–3 VVC. These medial parahippocampal PHA1–3, which, VMV regions, include area. have entorhinal cortex, perirhinal hippocampus. contrast, when viewing faces, more through ventrolateral stream via fusiform face cortex inferior temporal TE2p TE2a. A ‘Where’ scenes supported by diffusion topography 171 HCP at 7 T.

Language: Английский

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