A review on C1s XPS-spectra for some kinds of carbon materials

Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 28(12), P. 1048 - 1058

Published: July 21, 2020

The surface properties of carbon materials are very important since many complex physical and chemical reactions take place on their surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) test is one the most significant characterization methods to analyze species banding energies for several typical kinds (graphite, black, graphene, nanotubes, carbides, polymers) were summarized with XPS spectra. It can be found that different preparation methods, analytical or storage times possess quite energies. Meanwhile, classical figures analysis results every material illustrated, which provides researchers an intuitive understanding related method. Therefore, much more accurate spectra obtained.

Language: Английский

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Plastic wastes biodegradation: Mechanisms, challenges and future prospects

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 780, P. 146590 - 146590

Published: March 19, 2021

Language: Английский

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On the degradation of (micro)plastics: Degradation methods, influencing factors, environmental impacts

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 806, P. 151312 - 151312

Published: Oct. 30, 2021

Language: Английский

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Enzyme discovery and engineering for sustainable plastic recycling

Trends in biotechnology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 40(1), P. 22 - 37

Published: March 3, 2021

Biocatalytic depolymerization mediated by enzymes has emerged as an efficient and sustainable alternative for plastic treatment recycling, which aims to reduce adverse environmental effects recover valuable components from waste.Metagenomic proteomic approaches can be harnessed powerful tools in mining capable of a wide variety environments ecosystems.Plastic-degrading optimized protein engineering improved performance, including enhancement enzyme thermostability, reinforcement the binding substrate active site, interaction between surface, refinement catalytic capacity. The drastically increasing amount waste is causing crisis that requires innovative technologies recycling post-consumer plastics achieve valorization while meeting quality goals. recycling. A plastic-degrading have been discovered microbial sources. Meanwhile, exploited modify optimize enzymes. This review highlights recent trends up-to-date advances novel through state-of-the-art omics-based techniques improving efficiency stability via various strategies. Future research prospects challenges are also discussed. Plastic materials play revolutionary role modern world, although enormous manufacture extensive use commodities inevitably generate extraordinary waste. Around 12 000 million metric tons predicted accumulate landfills natural environment 2050 [1.Geyer R. et al.Production, use, fate all ever made.Sci. Adv. 2017; 3e1700782Crossref PubMed Scopus (3209) Google Scholar]. Improper handling caused grand challenge. debris waste, especially microplastics (see Glossary), impose hazardous on organisms eventually threaten human well-being [2.Redondo-Hasselerharm P.E. al.Nano- affect composition freshwater benthic communities long term.Sci. 2020; 6eaay4054Crossref (14) Scholar, 3.Koelmans A.A. al.Microplastics freshwaters drinking water: critical assessment data quality.Water Res. 2019; 155: 410-422Crossref (256) 4.Seeley M.E. sedimentary nitrogen cycling.Nat. Commun. 11: 2372Crossref (27) 5.Boots B. al.Effects soil ecosystems: above below ground.Environ. Sci. Technol. 53: 11496-11506Crossref (63) In addition, degradation resistance further escalates their impacts [6.Chamas A. al.Degradation rates environment.ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8: 3494-3511Crossref (230) Therefore, it urgent develop plastics, both protection. Enzymatic biocatalysis gained attention eco-friendly conventional methods (Box 1) [7.Wei al.Possibilities limitations biotechnological recycling.Nat. Catal. 3: 867-871Crossref To date, discovered, representing promising biocatalyst candidates depolymerization. Considering ubiquity different ecosystems tremendous metabolic genetic diversity microorganisms, habitats likely evolved capabilities decomposition utilization. identified so far might only account small portion relevant environment. ever-growing interest explore diverse discover new with desirable properties functionalities. However, naturally occurring not well suited synthetic industrial applications due poor thermostability low activity. Particularly, usually possess distinct physical chemical (e.g., high crystallinity) render them more resistant enzymatic attack than biogenic polymers. increasingly utilized construct better stability. Recent efforts made significant discovering enzymes, showing great promise progress discovery using optimization article timely provides holistic view current stage emerging obtaining effective biocatalysts degradation, will inspire future address Metagenomics demonstrated potential facilitate ecological habitats. culture-dependent method applied most known [8.Satti S.M. Shah Polyester-based biodegradable plastics: approach towards development.Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 70: 413-430Crossref (3) Scholar,9.Wierckx N. al.Plastic biodegradation: opportunities.in: Steffan Consequences Microbial Interactions Hydrocarbons, Oils, Lipids: Biodegradation Bioremediation. Springer International Publishing, 2018: 1-29Crossref method, microorganisms expressing desired first enriched isolated under proper cultivation conditions, followed strain taxonomical classification, identification putative molecular biological or computational (Figure 1A ) [10.Kawai F. al.A Ca2+-activated, thermostabilized polyesterase hydrolyzing polyethylene terephthalate Saccharomonospora viridis AHK190.Appl. Biotechnol. 2014; 98: 10053-10064Crossref (112) 11.Taniguchi I. al.Biodegradation PET: status application aspects.ACS 9: 4089-4105Crossref (106) 12.Yoshida S. bacterium degrades assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate).Science. 2016; 351: 1196-1199Crossref (705) seriously limits scope finding because estimated less 1% total planet cultured. By contrast, culture-independent metagenomic tool vast majority As summarized Table 1, many genes encoding depolymerizing retrieved wealth metagenome samples. this section we discuss deciphering huge reservoir techniques. overall workflow metagenomics illustrated Figure 1B. Among these steps, selecting appropriate screening pivotal mining. Generally, there two commonly used screen library, sequence-based function-based [13.Ufarte L. al.Metagenomics pollutant degrading enzymes.Biotechnol. 2015; 33: 1845-1854Crossref (0) Scholar,14.Sankara Subramanian S.H. al.RemeDB: rapid prediction involved bioremediation high-throughput sets.J. Comput. Biol. 27: 1020-1029Crossref (2) Sequence-based takes advantage sequence similarity comparison functional gene annotation searching bioinformatic databases [14.Sankara For example, terephthalate) (PET) hydrolytic (PET2) was uncovered silico search algorithm powered hidden Markov model [15.Danso D. al.New insights into function global distribution (PET)-degrading bacteria marine terrestrial metagenomes.Appl. Environ. 2018; 84: e02773-e02817Crossref (50) More recently, number sequences similar ones activity degrade polyurethane (PU) were landfill-derived metagenomes [16.Gaytan recalcitrant xenobiotic additives selected landfill community its biodegradative revealed proximity lgation-based analysis.Front. 10: 2986Crossref (8) relatively cost-effective success limited size could miss families previously characterized ones. similarities do guarantee activity, characterization validation functionality needed [17.Muller C.A. al.Discovery polyesterases moss-associated microorganisms.Appl. 83: e02641-e02716Crossref Alternatively, uses assays phenotypes libraries 1B). particularly advantageous over screening, completely groups divergent existing homologous multiple phylogenetically belonging entirely esterase screened agar plate assays, exhibited polyesters, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) [18.Hajighasemi M. al.Screening against polyesters.Environ. 52: 12388-12401Crossref (11) Scholar] (Table 1). Traditional capability large-sized libraries. studies developing accelerate microbes [19.Weinberger al.High throughput fungal polyester enzymes.Front. 554Crossref Scholar,20.Bunzel H.A. al.Speeding up ultrahigh-throughput methods.Curr. Opin. Struct. 48: 149-156Crossref (54) When approach, important select host cell constructing heterologous expression level library representativeness. Escherichia coli widely convenient manipulation [21.Lorenz P. Eck J. applications.Nat. Rev. 2005; 510-516Crossref (370) systems employed ensure expression. instance, eukaryotic cells, such yeast Pichia pastoris, disulfide bonds, they unsuitably expressed common E. [22.Fecker T. al.Active site flexibility hallmark PET sakaiensis PETase.Biophys. 114: 1302-1312Abstract Full Text PDF (84) 23.Urbanek A.K. al.Biochemical polyester-type plastics.Biochim. Biophys. Acta Proteins Proteom. 1868140315Crossref (13) 24.Chen al.Contribution bond Thermobifida fusca cutinase.Food Biosci. 6-10Crossref It type successful screening. chosen determined factors; coverage. Due short length insert plasmid harbor, plasmid-based large but coverage, unfavorable longer DNA fragments inserted phage fosmid Moreover, phage-based some toxic target concomitant lysis cells directly plaques. Besides methods, sampling sources determining discovery. Most investigated showed hit rate related 1), major challenge analysis worldwide broad extremely frequency indicating slow evolution indigenous utilize anthropogenic likelihood greater abundant biopolymeric substances. thermostable cutinase homologue, leaf branch compost (LCC), PCL leaf-branch copious plant-derived polymers [25.Sulaiman al.Isolation homolog terephthalate-degrading approach.Appl. 2012; 78: 1556-1562Crossref (155) Likewise, esterases poly(diethylene glycol adipate) (poly DEGA) copolyester adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) constructed Sphagnum moss, respectively Scholar,26.Kang C.H. family VII library.Microb. Cell Factories. 2011; 41Crossref (38) plastisphere source compounds survival growth [27.Roager Sonnenschein E.C. Bacterial colonization debris.Environ. 11636-11643Crossref (25) 28.Jacquin al.Microbial ecotoxicology debris: biodegradation ‘plastisphere.Front. 865Crossref 29.Amaral-Zettler L.A. al.Ecology plastisphere.Nat. 18: 139-151Crossref currently underexplored growing Techniques targeted stable-isotope probing (SIP) helpful increase Targeted stimulate presence functions before extraction, situ habitat. pre-incubation native activated prevalence species raised [30.Mayumi al.Identification poly(DL-lactic depolymerases metagenome.Appl. 2008; 79: 743-775Crossref (34) Additionally, SIP technique integrated [31.Coyotzi al.Targeted populations probing.Curr. 41: 1-8Crossref (39) Scholar,32.Chen Y. Murrell J.C. meets probing: perspectives.Trends 2010; 157-163Abstract Recently, 13C-labeled developed [33.Sander al.Assessing transformation nanoplastic 13C-labelled polymers.Nat. Nanotechnol. 14: 301-303Crossref (7) Scholar,34.Zumstein M.T. soils: tracking carbon CO2 biomass.Sci. 4eaas9024Crossref (52) Using would help pinpoint participating processes. proteomics-based detects quantifies proven repertoire [35.Bers K. hydrolase genomic-proteomic phenylurea herbicide mineralization Variovorax sp. SRS16.Appl. 77: 8754-8764Crossref (48) Scholar,36.Sturmberger al.Synergism proteomics mRNA sequencing discovery.J. 235: 132-138Crossref (9) 1C shows First, pure consortia grown without substrate, differentially induce express produced cultures extracted digested peptides, subjected sequencing, analysis. Typically, exoproteome principal when insoluble unable enter engaged secreted extracellularly [23.Urbanek effectiveness already identifying plant biopolymer inspiring implementation [37.Schneider al.Proteome bacterial involvement litter decomposition.Proteomics. 1819-1830Crossref (64) Comparative frequently based presumption incubation comparatively analyzing Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes fungus Knufia chersonesos, several PBAT identified, demonstrating unavailable annotated genomic [38.Tesei al.Shotgun reveals secretome rock-inhabiting chersonesos.Sci. Rep. 9770Crossref (1) Scholar,39.Wallace P.W. al.PpEst pseudoalcaligenes.Appl. 101: 2291-2303Crossref (16) another study, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) depolymerase ALC24_4107 Alcanivorax 24 comparative exoproteomic [40.Zadjelovic V. al.Beyond oil degradation: 22: 1356-1369Crossref Proteomics-guided still infancy, reported conducted cultures. Direct metaproteomics complex samples challenging, difficulty high-quality extraction availability downstream [41.Biswas Sarkar ‘Omics’ microbiology: state art.in: Adhya T.K. Advances Soil Microbiology: Trends Prospects. Singapore, 35-64Crossref Leveraging improve performance recently topic. Protein categories general; rational design directed evolution. Rational modifies knowledge structure mechanistic characteristics, simulation, modeling. Almost reports available structural information lack main barrier attempt far, employing direct engineer PHB Ralstonia pickettii T1, failed acquire any variant [42.Tan L.T. al.Directed poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] surface display system: importance asparagine at position 285.Appl. 2013; 97: 4859-4871Crossref focus discussing strategies 2 examples 2. Thermostability highly depolymerization, glass transition temperature (Tg) ~65–70°C PET). reaction gets close Tg polymeric chains considerably increased mobility, facilitating accessibility [43.Wei Zimmermann W. petroleum-based how we?.Microb. 1308-1322Crossref (208) one bottleneck practical applications. Inspired unique features thermophilic proteins, designed detailed later. Introduction bonds salt bridges beneficial 2A) [44.Rigoldi al.Review: applications.APL Bioeng. 2011501Crossref 45.Son H.F. al.Structural bioinformatics-based thermo-stable PETase Ideonella sakaiensis.Enzym. Microb. 141109656Crossref 46.Oda al.Enzymatic hydrolysis roles three Ca2+ ions bound cutinase-like enzyme, Cut190*, activity.Appl. 102: 10067-10077Crossref (17) 47.Zhong-Johnson E.Z.L. al.An absorbance kinetics films.Sci. 2021; 928Crossref Disulfide crucial folding correct local conformation confer thermal resistance. residues metal responsible replaced introduce bond. D204C E253C mutations calcium TfCut2 formed bond, melting [48.Then bridge increases terephthalate.FEBS Open Bio. 6: 425-432Crossref (47) formation negatively-charged N246D residue positively-charged Arg280 contribute engineered PETaseN246D [45.Son construction work synergistically benefit ag

Language: Английский

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Current State and Perspectives Related to the Polyethylene Terephthalate Hydrolases Available for Biorecycling

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(24), P. 8894 - 8908

Published: May 22, 2020

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hydrolase is a challenging target as PET commonly used plastic that extremely resistant to enzymatic attack. Since the discovery of from Thermobifida fusca in 2005, novel hydrolases and their availability toward waste have been investigated. At present, at least four thermophilic cutinases are known could be for management amorphous waste, such packaging materials. Heat-labile PETase Ideonella sakaiensis its homologues mesophilic bacteria exist environment. However, can efficiently hydrolyzed with hydrolases. This Review focuses on current state potential application. Contrary an PET, hydrolysis crystalline (particularly bottles) remains fully elucidated. It cannot assured whether biorecycling general would put into practice near future, but plan getting closer goal. versatile polyesterases they hydrolyze not only also other polyesters. Additionally, thermostability advantageous application terms reaction speed durability.

Language: Английский

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Microbial synthesis of vanillin from waste poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Green Chemistry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 23(13), P. 4665 - 4672

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

An engineered biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli enables the one-pot upcycling of post-consumer plastic waste into vanillin.

Language: Английский

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Functional expression of polyethylene terephthalate-degrading enzyme (PETase) in green microalgae

Microbial Cell Factories, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 19(1)

Published: April 28, 2020

For decades, plastic has been a valuable global product due to its convenience and low price. example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was one of the most popular materials for disposable bottles beneficial properties, namely impact resistance, high clarity, light weight. Increasing demand resulted in indiscriminate disposal by consumers, causing severe accumulation wastes. Because this, scientists have made great efforts find way biologically treat As result, novel degradation enzyme, PETase, which can hydrolyze PET, discovered Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6 2016. A green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, produces developed this study. Two representative strains (C. reinhardtii CC-124 CC-503) were examined, we found that could express PETase well. To verify catalytic activity produced C. cell lysate transformant PET samples co-incubated at 30 °C up 4 weeks. After incubation, terephthalic acid (TPA), i.e. fully-degraded form detected performance liquid chromatography analysis. Additionally, morphological changes, such as holes dents on surface film, observed using scanning electron microscopy. hydrolyzing successfully expressed demonstrated. best our knowledge, is first case expression algae.

Language: Английский

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Microbial Polyethylene Terephthalate Hydrolases: Current and Future Perspectives

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Nov. 11, 2020

Since gaining popularity over 50 years ago, plastic has transformed our world, with many aspects of modern life relying on materials. However, the qualities which have made an attractive resource, such as ease mass production and advantageous strength-to-weight ratio, are equally responsible for damage that is typically caused once it becomes waste. In recent years, biological degradation emerged one way to address these unforeseen consequences. This strategy involves using microorganisms, primarily bacteria fungi, enzymes capable catalyzing degradative reactions, break apart into its original components. The focus this review will be microbial hydrolase found act polyethylene terephthalate or PET plastic, widely packaging synthetic fibers among other forms. best characterized examples discussed along use metagenomic protein engineering technologies in obtaining application. addition, obstacles currently limiting development efficient bioprocesses presented. By continuing study possible mechanisms key enzyme structural elements behind hydrolysis assessing ability under practical conditions, research can progress towards large-scale waste management operations. Finally, contribution hydrolases creating a circular economy explored

Language: Английский

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Complete Depolymerization of PET Wastes by an Evolved PET Hydrolase from Directed Evolution

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 62(14)

Published: Feb. 8, 2023

PETase displays great potential in PET depolymerization. Directed evolution has been limited to engineer due the lack of high-throughput screening assay. In this study, a novel fluorescence-based assay employing newly designed substrate, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) 2-hydroxyterephthalate (termed BHET-OH), was developed for hydrolases. The best variant DepoPETase produced 1407-fold more products towards amorphous film at 50 °C and showed 23.3 higher Tm value than WT. enabled complete depolymerization seven untreated wastes 19.1 g waste (0.4 % Wenzyme /WPET ) liter-scale reactor, suggesting that it is candidate industrial processes. molecular dynamic simulations revealed distal substitutions stabilized loops around active sites transmitted stabilization effect through enhancing inter-loop interactions network.

Language: Английский

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Immobilized enzyme/microorganism complexes for degradation of microplastics: A review of recent advances, feasibility and future prospects

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 832, P. 154868 - 154868

Published: March 29, 2022

Language: Английский

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