Abiotic oxidative transformation of 6-PPD and 6-PPD quinone from tires and occurrence of their products in snow from urban roads and in municipal wastewater

Water Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 212, P. 118122 - 118122

Published: Jan. 25, 2022

The antiozonant N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is added to tires increase their lifetime and emitted with tire road wear particles into the environment. Recently, one of its transformation products (TPs), 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ), has gained attention due toxicity towards coho salmon. In this study, abiotic oxidative investigated by a series ozonation experiments in lab followed analysis TPs using liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). A total 38 were detected tentatively identified, which formed either directly from or via 6-PPDQ as intermediate. suspect screening LC-HRMS showed 32 these occur snow collected urban roads surrogate road-runoff, where 6-PPDQ, 4-aminodiphenylamine (4-ADPA), TP 213, 249 most prominent besides 6-PPD. More than 90% load was found particulate fraction snow. Thus, retaining runoff before discharge surface water would substantially reduce emission many TPs. Some prevailed phase higher polarity. 13 dissolved wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent. Their markedly enhanced during day snowmelt (approx. 1100 g/d) rainfall 2000 compared dry weather 190 g/d). contributed less 1% (estimated concentrations max 0.1 µg/L). elimination estimated loads related WWTP ranged 22 67% depending on conditions. Eventually 249, 4-ADPA 259_2 dominated effluent concentration 0.5 up 2 Thus are, likely, specific stable be determined

Language: Английский

---

Aging of tire and road wear particles in terrestrial and freshwater environments – A review on processes, testing, analysis and impact

Chemosphere, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 288, P. 132467 - 132467

Published: Oct. 5, 2021

The environmental fate of tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) receives increasing attention due to the per capita emission volumes 0.2–5.5 kg/(cap year) recent reports on hazard TRWP constituents. It is expected that aging impacts TRWPs in environment but detailed knowledge quite limited, yet. Making use information aging, available processes such as thermooxidation, photooxidation, ozonolysis, shear stress, biodegradation leaching reviewed here. Experimental techniques simulate are addressed analytical determine induced changes TRWPs, covering physical chemical properties. suitability various test materials discussed. Findings methods from can be partially applied study environment. There a complex interplay between needs considered future studies. In addition existing basic qualitative understanding processes, quantitative largely lacking. Aging consider well chemicals released. Next steps for filling gaps elaborated.

Language: Английский

---

Occurrence and risks of 23 tire additives and their transformation products in an urban water system

Environment International, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 171, P. 107715 - 107715

Published: Dec. 22, 2022

Tire wear particles (TWPs) enter road surface with the friction between tires and surfaces. Under volatilization, leaching, transformation action on TWPs by sunlight rain, tire additives are released into urban water systems, such as rainfall runoff, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), receiving waters, drinking plant (DWTP). In this study, we investigated occurrence of 23 their products in system Pearl River Delta region, South China. Nineteen target compounds were detected 1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG) showing highest maximum concentration 58780 ng/L. Benzothiazole its at frequency 100 % total concentrations 480-42160 The antioxidant derivative N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) was also up to 1562 ng/L, which considerably higher than that parent compound 6PPD (the 7.52 ng/L). Eleven 8 WWTPs influents effluents, respectively, removal rates - 62-100 %. Seventeen Zhujiang Dongjiang rivers, while 9 sources DWTP samples. Road 79200 is suggested main non-point source for effluents point due incomplete after accepting initial runoff. 6PPD-Q other 10 displayed median high ecological risks human daily intake estimated be 2.63 ×

Language: Английский

---

Tire-rubber related pollutant 6-PPD quinone: A review of its transformation, environmental distribution, bioavailability, and toxicity

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 459, P. 132265 - 132265

Published: Aug. 15, 2023

Language: Английский

---

Transformation Product Formation upon Heterogeneous Ozonation of the Tire Rubber Antioxidant 6PPD (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine)

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(5), P. 413 - 419

Published: April 12, 2022

Transformation products (TPs) originating within tire tread wear particles (TWPs) are likely pervasive contaminants of roadway environments although their formation, fate, and risks poorly characterized. Here, we investigated TP formation occurring during heterogeneous reaction gas-phase ozone with the common rubber antioxidant 6PPD (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine); exposures included both pure compound TWP rubbers. Oxidative transformation occurred ozonation (∼360 ppbv), up to 81% mass reacting over 6 h. Conversion 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ)─a recently reported highly toxic TP─was confirmed at a 9.7% molar yield for 0.95% present TWPs, representing minima these time scales conditions. Leveraging high-resolution spectrometry, identified 19 probable 6PPD-derived TPs in ozonated samples, underscoring diverse from this antioxidant. By screening environmental nine were detected runoff. The data confirm that when antioxidants react ozone, as intended, they form release various surrounding environments.

Language: Английский

---

Occurrence of tire and road wear particles in urban and peri-urban snowbanks, and their potential environmental implications

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 824, P. 153785 - 153785

Published: Feb. 16, 2022

Language: Английский

---

Environmental Occurrence and Toxicity of 6PPD Quinone, an Emerging Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical: A Review

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 815 - 823

Published: Sept. 1, 2023

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is a chemical added to tires prevent their oxidative degradation. 6PPD highly reactive with ozone and oxygen, leading the formation of transformation products such as quinone (6PPDQ) on tire surfaces and, subsequently, in road wear particles. 6PPDQ toxicant that has been found roadway runoff receiving water systems. Its presence municipal stormwater led acute mortality coho salmon during migration urban creeks reproduce, generating global interest studying its occurrence toxicity environment. This review aims provide critical overview current state knowledge 6PPDQ, assisting researchers policymakers understanding potential impacts this emerging environment human health. As there are many unanswered questions surrounding further research needed. highlights importance including regulations for 6PPD, well all synthetic chemicals concern.

Language: Английский

---

Identification and quantification of tire wear particles by employing different cross-validation techniques: FTIR-ATR Micro-FTIR, Pyr-GC/MS, and SEM

Environmental Pollution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 326, P. 121511 - 121511

Published: March 24, 2023

Tire wear particles (TWPs) are one of the environment's most important emission sources microplastics. In this work, chemical identification these was carried out in highway stormwater runoff through cross-validation techniques for first time. Optimization a pre-treatment method (i.e., extraction and purification) provided to extract TWPs, avoiding their degradation denaturation, prevent getting low recognizable consequently underestimates quantification. Specific markers were used TWPs comparing real samples reference materials via FTIR-ATR, Micro-FTIR, Pyrolysis-gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). Quantification Micro-FTIR (microscopic counting); abundance ranged from 220,371 ± 651 TWPs/L 358,915 831 TWPs/L, while higher mass 39,6 9 mg lowest 31,0 8 TWPs/L. Most analyzed less than 100 μm size. The sizes also confirmed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), including presence potential nano samples. Elemental analysis SEM supported that complex mixture heterogeneous composition characterizes by agglomerating organic inorganic could derive brake road wear, pavement, dust, asphalts, construction work. Due analytical lack knowledge about quantification scientific literature, study significantly contributes providing novel methodology emerging contaminants runoff. results highlight uttermost necessity employ techniques, i.e., Pyr-GC/MS, environmental

Language: Английский

---

Contribution of Road Vehicle Tyre Wear to Microplastics and Ambient Air Pollution

Sustainability, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(2), P. 522 - 522

Published: Jan. 7, 2024

Tyre particles are generated by shear forces between the tread and road or volatilisation. abrasion (wear) contributes from one-third to half of microplastics unintentionally released into environment. The major part ends up in soil, a considerable amount is aquatic environment, small percentage becomes airborne. Nevertheless, tyre 5–30% transport particulate matter (PM) emissions. This corresponds approximately 5% total ambient PM particle mass size distribution peak at around 20 100 μm, with second 2–10 μm range. A nucleation mode has been reported some studies. absolute levels depend on tyre, vehicle, characteristics, but also environmental conditions driving style. Most emission factors literature based data prior year 2000. We aggregated recent studies found mean 110 mg/km per vehicle 68 mg/km/t for passenger cars (based 300 measurements). Based limited number studies, PM10 emissions were 1.4–2.2 tyre. On other hand, order 1010 #/km ratio was be 2.5% average. Finally, PM2.5 calculated 40%. Various mitigation measures pollution could envisaged; most direct limitation rate, as proposed European Commission Euro 7 regulation. Other regulatory initiatives discussed.

Language: Английский

---

First Evidence of the Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Tire Additives and Their Transformation Products in an Estuarine Food Web

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 58(14), P. 6370 - 6380

Published: March 18, 2024

The discovery of the significant lethal impacts tire additive transformation product N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) on coho salmon has garnered global attention. However, bioaccumulation and trophic transfer additives their products (TATPs) within food webs remain obscure. This study first characterized levels compositions 15 TATPs in Pearl River Estuary, estimated potential 21 estuarine species, identified priority contaminants. Our observations indicated that were prevalent environment. Eight, six, seven, 10 quantified shrimp, sea cucumber, snail, fish samples, with total mean 45, 56, 64, 67 ng/g (wet weight), respectively. N,N′-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) N,N′-bis(2-methylphenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine (DTPD) exhibited high bioaccumulation. Significant biodilution was only for benzothiazole, while DPPD DTPD displayed biomagnification trends based Monte Carlo simulations. mechanisms trophodynamics could be explained by chemical hydrophobicity, molecular mass, metabolic rates. Based a multicriteria scoring technique, DPPD, DTPD, 6PPD-Q as work emphasizes importance biomonitoring, particularly specific hydrophobic additives.

Language: Английский

---