Green Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
26(6), P. 3378 - 3387
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Pyrethrins
are
effective
agents
against
mosquito
larvae,
but
their
rapid
degradation
rate
in
water
reduces
deinsectization
efficiency
and
increases
the
cost
of
deinsectization.
Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 104606 - 104606
Published: Dec. 1, 2024
Neonicotinoid
insecticides
(NNIs)
are
the
fastest-growing
class
in
agricultural
protection.
They
target
nicotinic
acetylcholine
receptors
(nAChR)
pests,
stimulating
nervous
system
at
low
doses
and
causing
paralysis
death
higher
concentrations.
NNIs
used
crop
protection,
seed
treatment,
forestry,
agriculture,
flea
control
domestic
cattle.
Effective
lower
concentrations
offering
long-term
control,
favoured
for
their
systemic
activity.
However,
due
to
water
solubility,
mobility,
moderate
persistence,
easily
contaminate
adjacent
aquatic
environments
via
runoff,
leaching,
or
spray
drift.
While
less
toxic
vertebrates,
widespread
use
poses
threats
terrestrial
organisms,
neurotoxicity,
nephrotoxicity,
cytotoxicity,
genotoxicity,
immunotoxicity,
hepatotoxicity,
endocrine
disruption,
reproductive
malformations.
This
review
synthesizes
research
address
knowledge
gaps
on
environmental
impact
of
proposes
policies
mitigate
harmful
effects
non-target
species.