
Toxics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 236 - 236
Published: March 24, 2025
The co-occurrence of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone has emerged as a critical environmental challenge in recent years. individual harmful impacts PM2.5 exposure have been well studied; however, their combined toxicity under co-exposure conditions remains mechanistically undefined. This paper provides an extensive evaluation the current pollution levels, epidemiological investigation, new findings on toxicological mechanisms to ozone. synergistic depends different factors, including physicochemical properties PM2.5, dose duration exposure, specific target organs. Through research, we identified main targets toxic responses summarized mechanisms. Given research priorities, there is urgent need improve scientific regarding with priority given characterizing while updating relevant guidelines standards.
Language: Английский