Biomolecules,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(2), P. 176 - 176
Published: Feb. 1, 2024
Central
to
the
development
and
survival
of
all
organisms
is
regulation
gene
expression,
which
begins
with
process
transcription
catalyzed
by
RNA
polymerases.
During
protein-coding
genes,
general
factors
(GTFs)
work
alongside
polymerase
II
(Pol
II)
assemble
preinitiation
complex
at
start
site,
open
promoter
DNA,
initiate
synthesis
nascent
messenger
RNA,
transition
productive
elongation,
ultimately
terminate
transcription.
Through
these
different
stages
transcription,
Pol
dynamically
phosphorylated
C-terminal
tail
its
largest
subunit,
serving
as
a
control
mechanism
for
elongation
signaling/binding
platform
co-transcriptional
factors.
The
large
number
core
protein
participating
in
fundamental
steps
add
dense
layers
that
contribute
complexity
temporal
spatial
expression
within
any
given
cell
type.
system
highly
conserved
across
levels
eukaryotes;
however,
most
information
here
will
focus
on
human
system.
This
review
walks
through
various
from
assembly
termination,
highlighting
functions
mechanisms
machinery
participates
each
stage.
The EMBO Journal,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
40(15)
Published: July 13, 2021
RNA
polymerase
II
(RNA
Pol
II)
speed
or
elongation
rate,
i.e.,
the
number
of
nucleotides
synthesized
per
unit
time,
is
a
major
determinant
transcriptome
composition.
It
controls
co-transcriptional
processes
such
as
splicing,
polyadenylation,
and
transcription
termination,
thus
regulating
production
alternative
splice
variants,
circular
RNAs,
alternatively
polyadenylated
transcripts,
read-through
transcripts.
itself
regulated
in
response
to
intra-
extra-cellular
stimuli
can
turn
affect
composition
these
stimuli.
Evidence
points
potentially
important
role
modification
through
regulation
for
adaptation
cells
changing
environment,
pointing
function
cellular
physiology.
Analyzing
dynamics
may
therefore
be
central
fully
understand
physiological
processes,
development
multicellular
organisms.
Recent
findings
also
raise
possibility
that
deregulation
detrimental
participate
disease
progression.
Here,
we
review
initial
current
approaches
measure
speed,
well
providing
an
overview
factors
controlling
which
are
affected.
Finally,
discuss
cell
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
116(29), P. 14583 - 14592
Published: June 27, 2019
Elongation
factor
Paf1C
regulates
several
stages
of
the
RNA
polymerase
II
(Pol
II)
transcription
cycle,
although
it
is
unclear
how
modulates
Pol
distribution
and
progression
in
mammalian
cells.
We
found
that
conditional
ablation
Paf1
resulted
accumulation
unphosphorylated
Ser5
phosphorylated
around
promoter-proximal
regions
within
first
20
to
30
kb
gene
bodies,
respectively.
did
not
impact
recruitment
other
key
elongation
factors,
namely,
Spt5,
Spt6,
FACT
complex,
suggesting
function
may
be
mechanistically
distinguishable
from
each
these
factors.
Moreover,
loss
triggered
an
increase
TSS-proximal
nucleosome
occupancy,
which
could
impose
a
considerable
barrier
past
regions.
Remarkably,
Ser5P
coincided
with
reductions
histone
H2B
ubiquitylation
this
region.
Furthermore,
we
show
nascent
species
accumulate
window,
mechanism
whereby
leads
aberrant,
prematurely
terminated
transcripts
diminution
full-length
transcripts.
Importantly,
results
rate
defects
significant
compression.
Our
findings
suggest
critical
for
modulating
rates
by
functioning
beyond
pause-release
step
as
“accelerator”
over
specific
early
body
Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
36(1), P. 1 - 34
Published: Aug. 21, 2020
Gene
transcription
by
RNA
polymerase
II
(Pol
II)
is
the
first
step
in
expression
of
eukaryotic
genome
and
a
focal
point
for
cellular
regulation
during
development,
differentiation,
responses
to
environment.
Two
decades
after
determination
structure
Pol
II,
mechanisms
have
been
elucidated
with
studies
complexes
nucleic
acids
associated
proteins.
Here
we
provide
an
overview
nearly
200
available
complex
structures
summarize
how
these
promoter-dependent
initiation,
promoter-proximal
pausing
release
into
active
elongation,
that
uses
navigate
obstacles
such
as
nucleosomes
DNA
lesions.
We
predict
future
will
focus
on
interconnected
chromatin
transitions,
processing,
repair.
Molecular Cell,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
81(15), P. 3096 - 3109.e8
Published: June 18, 2021
Transcription
by
RNA
polymerase
II
(RNA
Pol
II)
relies
on
the
elongation
factors
PAF1
complex
(PAF),
RTF1,
and
SPT6.
Here,
we
use
rapid
factor
depletion
multi-omics
analysis
to
investigate
how
these
influence
activity
in
human
cells.
Whereas
of
PAF
subunits
CTR9
has
little
effect
cellular
synthesis,
RTF1
or
SPT6
strongly
compromises
activity,
albeit
fundamentally
different
ways.
decreases
velocity,
whereas
impairs
progression
through
nucleosomes.
These
results
show
that
distinct
stimulate
either
velocity
chromatin
vivo.
Further
provides
evidence
for
two
barriers
early
elongation:
promoter-proximal
pause
site
+1
nucleosome.
It
emerges
first
barrier
enables
loading
are
required
overcome
second
subsequent
transcription.
