Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 110(9), P. 3229 - 3236

Published: Feb. 7, 2013

In the last two decades, widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity diversity. This review examines how growing knowledge vast range animal–bacterial interactions, whether shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological intellectual advances that have changed thinking about five questions: bacteria facilitated origin evolution animals; do animals affect each other’s genomes; does normal development depend on partners; homeostasis maintained between their symbionts; can ecological deepen multiple levels interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged broaden appreciation interactions include investigations relationships among partners as seek better natural world.

Language: Английский

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Algae–bacteria interactions: Evolution, ecology and emerging applications

Biotechnology Advances, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 34(1), P. 14 - 29

Published: Dec. 4, 2015

Algae and bacteria have coexisted ever since the early stages of evolution. This coevolution has revolutionized life on earth in many aspects. together influence ecosystems as varied deep seas to lichens represent all conceivable modes interactions - from mutualism parasitism. Several studies shown that algae synergistically affect each other's physiology metabolism, a classic case being algae-roseobacter interaction. These are ubiquitous define primary productivity most ecosystems. In recent years, received much attention for industrial exploitation but their interaction with is often considered contamination during commercialization. A few not only enhance algal growth also help flocculation, both essential processes biotechnology. Hence, there need understand these an evolutionary ecological standpoint, integrate this understanding use. Here we reflect diversity such relationships associated mechanisms, well habitats they mutually influence. review outlines role key events endosymbiosis, besides biogeochemical cycles. Finally, focus extending algal-bacterial various environmental bio-technological applications.

Language: Английский

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The seaweed holobiont: understanding seaweed–bacteria interactions

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 37(3), P. 462 - 476

Published: Nov. 16, 2012

Seaweeds (macroalgae) form a diverse and ubiquitous group of photosynthetic organisms that play an essential role in aquatic ecosystems. These ecosystem engineers contribute significantly to global primary production are the major habitat formers on rocky shores temperate waters, providing food shelter for life. Like other eukaryotic organisms, macroalgae harbor rich diversity associated microorganisms with functions related host health defense. In particular, epiphytic bacterial communities have been reported as normal morphological development algal host, bacteria antifouling properties thought protect chemically undefended from detrimental, secondary colonization by microscopic macroscopic epibiota. This tight relationship suggests interact unified functional entity or holobiont, analogous previously suggested corals. Moreover, given impact diseases marine ecosystems is apparently increasing, understanding saprophytes pathogens seaweed may important implications management strategies. review reports recent advances macroalgal-bacterial interactions reference maintaining health, highlighting holobiont concept.

Language: Английский

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The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: March 9, 2018

The recognition that all macroorganisms live in symbiotic association with microbial communities has opened up a new field biology. Animals, plants, and algae are now considered holobionts, complex ecosystems consisting of the host, microbiota, interactions among them. Accordingly, ecological concepts can be applied to understand host-derived processes govern dynamics interactive networks within holobiont. In marine systems, holobionts further integrated into larger more ecosystems, concept referred as "nested ecosystems." this review, we discuss dynamic interact at multiple scales respond environmental change. We focus on symbiosis sponges their communities—a resulted one most diverse environment. recent years, sponge microbiology remarkably advanced terms curated databases, standardized protocols, information functions microbiota. Like Russian doll, these translated holobiont impact surrounding ecosystem. For example, sponge-associated metabolisms, fueled by high filtering capacity substantially affect biogeochemical cycling key nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous. Since increasingly threatened anthropogenic stressors jeopardize stability ecosystem, link between perturbations, dysbiosis, diseases. Experimental studies suggest community composition is tightly linked health, but whether dysbiosis cause or consequence collapse remains unresolved. Moreover, potential role microbiome mediating for acclimate adapt change unknown. Future should aim identify mechanisms underlying scales, from develop management strategies preserve provided our present future oceans.

Language: Английский

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Beneficial Microorganisms for Corals (BMC): Proposed Mechanisms for Coral Health and Resilience

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: March 7, 2017

The symbiotic association between the coral animal and its endosymbiotic dinoflagellate partner Symbiodinium is central to success of corals. However, an array other microorganisms associated with (i.e., Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi viruses) have a complex intricate role in maintaining homeostasis corals Symbiodinium. Corals are sensitive shifts surrounding environmental conditions. One most widely reported responses stressful conditions bleaching. During this event, expel cells from their gastrodermal tissues upon experiencing extended seawater temperatures above thermal threshold. An stressors can also destabilize microbiome, resulting compromised health host, which may include disease mortality worst scenario. exact mechanisms by microbiome supports increases resilience poorly understood. Earlier studies microbiology proposed probiotic hypothesis, wherein dynamic relationship exists microorganisms, selecting for holobiont that best suited prevailing Here, we discuss microbial-host relationships within holobiont, along potential roles health. We propose term BMC (Beneficial Microorganisms Corals) define (specific) symbionts promote This concept analogous Plant Growth Promoting Rhizosphere (PGPR), has been explored manipulated agricultural industry inhabit rhizosphere directly or indirectly plant growth development through production regulatory signals, antibiotics nutrients. Additionally, effects on corals, suggesting strategies use knowledge manipulate reversing dysbiosis restore protect reefs. developing using consortia as "probiotics" improve resistance after bleaching events and/or such human-assisted acclimation/adaption shifting

Language: Английский

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Metaorganisms as the new frontier

Zoology, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 114(4), P. 185 - 190

Published: July 7, 2011

Language: Английский

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Could some coral reefs become sponge reefs as our climate changes?

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 19(9), P. 2613 - 2624

Published: April 3, 2013

Coral reefs across the world have been seriously degraded and a bleak future in response to predicted global warming ocean acidification (OA). However, this is not first time that biocalcifying organisms, including corals, faced threat of extinction. The end-Triassic mass extinction (200 million years ago) was most severe biotic crisis experienced by modern marine invertebrates, which selected against biocalcifiers; followed proliferation another invertebrate group, sponges. duration sponge-dominated period far surpasses alternative stable-ecosystem or phase-shift states reported on day coral and, as such, shift warrants serious consideration one trajectory reefs. We hypothesise some today may become sponge future, sponges corals respond differently changing chemistry environmental conditions. To support hypothesis, we discuss: (i) presence geological record; (ii) shifts from coral- systems; (iii) direct indirect responses holobiont its constituent parts (host symbionts) changes temperature pH. Based evidence, propose be group benefit projected climate change scenarios, increased abundance represents possible for reefs, would important implications overall reef functioning.

Language: Английский

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Coral-associated micro-organisms and their roles in promoting coral health and thwarting diseases

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 280(1755), P. 20122328 - 20122328

Published: Jan. 30, 2013

Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in characterization of coral microbiota. Shifts its composition often correlate with appearance signs diseases and/or bleaching, thus suggesting a link between microbes, health and stability reef ecosystems. The understanding interactions coral-associated microbiota is informed by on-going other microbiomes, which suggest that metabolic pathways functional capabilities define ‘core’ more accurately than taxonomic diversity members. Consistent this hypothesis, there does not appear to be consensus on specificity corals microbial commensals, even though recent studies report potentially beneficial functions bacteria. They cycle sulphur, fix nitrogen, produce antimicrobial compounds, inhibit cell-to-cell signalling disrupt virulence opportunistic pathogens. While their documented, it certain whether or how these microbes are selected hosts. Therefore, role innate immunity, signal nutrient exchange establishment controlling will probably reveal ancient, evolutionarily conserved mechanisms dictate outcomes host–microbial interactions, impact resilience host.

Language: Английский

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Threatened Corals Provide Underexplored Microbial Habitats

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 5(3), P. e9554 - e9554

Published: March 4, 2010

Contemporary in-depth sequencing of environmental samples has provided novel insights into microbial community structures, revealing that their diversity had been previously underestimated. Communities in marine environments are commonly composed a few dominant taxa and high number taxonomically diverse, low-abundance organisms. However, studying the roles genomic information these "rare" organisms remains challenging, because little is known about ecological niches conditions to which they respond. Given current threat coral reef ecosystems, we investigated potential corals provide highly specialized habitats for bacterial including those rarely detected or absent surrounding waters. The analysis more than 350,000 small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequence tags almost 2,000 nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed rare seawater biosphere members abundant even diverse Caribbean corals. Closely related (in same genus/family) harbored similar communities. At higher taxonomic levels, however, similarities communities did not correlate with phylogenetic relationships among corals, opening questions evolutionary stability coral-microbial associations. Large proportions OTUs (28.7–49.1%) were unique species origin. Analysis most ribotypes suggests many uncovered exist await future exploration. Our results indicate species, by extension other animal hosts, act as otherwise microbes ecosystems. Here, deep microbiota at an unparalleled resolution harbor known. two listed threatened under U.S. Endangered Species Act, our add important diversity-based perspective significance conserving reefs.

Language: Английский

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Microbes in the coral holobiont: partners through evolution, development, and ecological interactions

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 4

Published: Jan. 7, 2015

In the last two decades, genetic and genomic studies have revealed astonishing diversity ubiquity of microorganisms. Emergence expansion human microbiome project has reshaped our thinking about how microbes control host health – not only as pathogens, but also symbionts. coral reef environments, scientists begun to examine role that microorganisms play in life history. Herein we review current literature on coral-microbe interactions within context their evolution, development, ecology. We ask following questions, first posed by McFall-Ngai et al., 2013 animal with specific attention coral-microbial may be affected under future environmental conditions: 1) How do corals affect each other's genomes? 2) does development depend microbial partners? 3) is homeostasis maintained between symbionts? 4) can ecological approaches deepen understanding multiple levels interactions? Elucidating structure function holobiont essential for maintain acclimate changing conditions.

Language: Английский

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