How Microbes Defend Themselves From Incoming Hydrogen Peroxide

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: April 27, 2021

Microbes rely upon iron as a cofactor for many enzymes in their central metabolic processes. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide react rapidly with iron, inside cells they can generate both enzyme DNA damage. ROS are formed some bacterial habitats by abiotic vulnerability of bacteria to is also apparently exploited ROS-generating host defense systems competitors. Phagocyte-derived O2− toxify captured damaging unidentified biomolecules on the cell surface; it unclear whether phagocytic H 2 O , which penetrate into interior, plays role suppressing invasion. Both pathogenic free-living microbes activate defensive strategies defend themselves against incoming . Most sense via OxyR or PerR transcription factors, whereas yeast uses Grx3/Yap1 system. In general these regulators induce that reduce cytoplasmic concentrations, decrease intracellular pools, repair -mediated However, individual organisms have tailored factors regulons suit particular environmental niches. Some even contain PerR, raising question why need systems. lab experiments respond nitric oxide disulfide stress, although responses physiologically relevant. next step extend studies natural environments, so we better understand circumstances act. particular, important probe may play enabling infection microbial pathogens.

Language: Английский

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Biological and neurological activities of astaxanthin (Review)

Molecular Medicine Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 26(4)

Published: Aug. 8, 2022

Astaxanthin is a lipid‑soluble carotenoid produced by various microorganisms and marine animals, including bacteria, yeast, fungi, microalgae, shrimps lobsters. has antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory anti‑apoptotic properties. These characteristics suggest that astaxanthin health benefits protects against diseases. Owing to its ability cross the blood‑brain barrier, received attention for protective effects neurological disorders, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord cognitive impairment neuropathic pain. Previous studies on of are mostly based animal models cellular experiments. Thus, biological humans underlying mechanisms still not fully understood. The present review summarizes neuroprotective astaxanthin, explores action draws potential clinical implications as therapeutic agent.

Language: Английский

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Worldwide scaling of waste generation in urban systems

Nature Cities, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 1(2), P. 126 - 135

Published: Jan. 17, 2024

Abstract The production of waste as a consequence human activities is one the most fundamental challenges facing our society and global ecological systems. Waste generation rapidly increasing, with corresponding shifts in structure societies, where almost all nations are moving from rural agrarian societies to urban technological ones. However, connections between these societal have not yet been described. In this study we applied scaling theory establish new understanding systems identified universal laws across diverse worldwide for three forms waste: wastewater, municipal solid waste, greenhouse gases. We found that wastewater scales superlinearly, linearly, gas emissions scale sublinearly city size. specific cases, can be understood terms size coupled financial natural resources. For example, increased economic activity larger cities, deviations relationship, indicating relative efficiency, depend on gross domestic product per person local rainfall. temporal evolution relationships reveals loss economies general increase production, sublinear become linear. Our findings suggest mechanisms controlling cities approach offers systematic framework uncover underlying might key reducing pursuing more sustainable future.

Language: Английский

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Regulation and distinct physiological roles of manganese in bacteria

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 45(6)

Published: May 21, 2021

Manganese (Mn2+) is an essential trace element within organisms spanning the entire tree of life. In this review, we provide overview Mn2+ transport and regulation its homeostasis in bacteria, with a focus on functions beyond being cofactor for enzymes. Crucial differences exist between bacterial species that can be characterized to have iron- or manganese-centric metabolism. Highly iron-centric require minimal mostly use it as mechanism cope oxidative stress. As consequence, tight uptake required, while both Fe2+ need other layers maintaining homeostasis. We will detail species, particular lactobacilli, little no wider variety functions. These accumulate extraordinarily high amounts intracellularly, enabling nonenzymatic decomposition reactive oxygen simultaneously functioning competitive exclusion. further discuss how accumulation beneficial pathogenic bacteria advantages thriving their niches.

Language: Английский

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Micro-aeration: an attractive strategy to facilitate anaerobic digestion

Trends in biotechnology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 41(5), P. 714 - 726

Published: Oct. 7, 2022

Language: Английский

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Oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms of obligate anaerobes involved in biological waste treatment processes: A review

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 838, P. 156454 - 156454

Published: June 4, 2022

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of bacterial inhibition and tolerance around cold atmospheric plasma

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 107(17), P. 5301 - 5316

Published: July 8, 2023

Abstract The grim situation of bacterial infection has undoubtedly become a major threat to human health. In the context frequent use antibiotics, new bactericidal method is urgently needed fight against drug-resistant bacteria caused by non-standard antibiotics. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) composed variety species, which excellent effect on microbes. However, mechanism interaction between CAP and not completely clear. this paper, we summarize mechanisms killing in systematic manner, discuss responses treatment that are considered be related tolerance their underlying mechanisms, review recent advances applications finally. This indicates inhibition survival set closely suggests there might other had been discovered yet. conclusion, shows complex diverse at appropriate doses. Key points • diverse. There few resistant but tolerant during treatment. germicidal when combination with disinfectants.

Language: Английский

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Fiber supplementation protects from antibiotic-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis by modulating gut redox potential

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Aug. 24, 2023

Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis (AID) is a frequent and serious side effect of antibiotic use mitigating this critical therapeutic target. We propose that the host diet can modulate chemical environment resulting in changes to structure function microbiome during treatment. Gut typically characterized by increases aerobic respiratory bacterial metabolism, redox potential, abundance Proteobacteria. In study, we explore dietary fiber supplements as potential modulators reduce pattern dysbiosis. Using defined-diets whole-genome sequencing female murine microbiomes modulation treatment, find prebiotics significantly reduced impact treatment on composition function. observe bacteria well metabolic pathways associated with oxidative metabolism. These metatranscriptomic results are corroborated measurements eH pH suggesting dampens dysbiotic effects antibiotics. This work indicates may act for AID modulating metabolism prevent an increase protect commensal microbes

Language: Английский

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Non‐gene‐editing microbiome engineering of spontaneous food fermentation microbiota—Limitation control, design control, and integration

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(3), P. 1902 - 1932

Published: March 7, 2023

Non-gene-editing microbiome engineering (NgeME) is the rational design and control of natural microbial consortia to perform desired functions. Traditional NgeME approaches use selected environmental variables force Spontaneous food fermentation, oldest kind traditional NgeME, transforms foods into various fermented products using networks. In spontaneous fermentation microbiotas (SFFMs) are typically formed controlled manually by establishment limiting factors in small batches with little mechanization. However, limitation generally leads trade-offs between efficiency quality fermentation. Modern based on synthetic ecology have been developed designed communities explore assembly mechanisms target functional enhancement SFFMs. This has greatly improved our understanding microbiota control, but such still shortcomings compared NgeME. Here, we comprehensively describe research strategies for SFFMs modern We discuss ecological principles two enhance how best SFFM. also review recent applied theoretical propose an integrated vitro model bridge gaps

Language: Английский

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Discovery of a Biotin Synthase That Utilizes an Auxiliary 4Fe–5S Cluster for Sulfur Insertion

Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 146(3), P. 1860 - 1873

Published: Jan. 12, 2024

Biotin synthase (BioB) is a member of the Radical SAM superfamily enzymes that catalyzes terminal step biotin (vitamin B7) biosynthesis, in which it inserts sulfur atom desthiobiotin to form thiolane ring. How BioB accomplishes this difficult reaction has been subject much controversy, mainly around source atom. However, now widely accepted inserted stems from sacrifice auxiliary 2Fe–2S cluster BioB. Here, we bioinformatically explore diversity BioBs available sequence databases and find an unexpected variation coordination iron–sulfur cluster. After vitro characterization, including determination formation representative crystal structures, report new type utilized by virtually all obligate anaerobic organisms. Instead cluster, novel utilizes 4Fe–5S Interestingly, contains ligated sulfide propose used for formation. We have termed BioB, Type II with E. coli sacrificial representing I. This surprisingly ubiquitous implications our understanding function evolution Fe–S clusters enzyme catalysis, highlighting difference strategies between aerobic world.

Language: Английский

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