bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: May 26, 2024
Fluctuations
in
global
arousal
are
key
determinants
of
spontaneous
cortical
activity
and
function.
Several
subcortical
structures,
including
neuromodulator
nuclei
like
the
locus
coeruleus
(LC),
involved
regulation
arousal.
However,
much
less
is
known
about
role
circuits
that
provide
top-down
inputs
to
arousal-related
structures.
Here,
we
investigated
a
major
subdivision
prefrontal
cortex,
anterior
cingulate
cortex
(ACC),
modulation.
Pupil
size,
facial
movements,
heart
rate,
locomotion
were
used
as
non-invasive
measures
behavioral
state.
We
designed
closed
loop
optogenetic
system
based
on
machine
vision
found
real
time
inhibition
ACC
during
pupil
dilations
suppresses
ongoing
events.
In
contrast,
inhibiting
control
region
had
no
effect
Fiber
photometry
recordings
showed
scales
with
magnitude
spontaneously
occurring
dilations/face
movements
independently
locomotion.
Moreover,
activation
increases
addition
modulating
arousal,
responses
salient
sensory
stimuli
scaled
size
evoked
dilations.
Consistent
sustaining
saliency-linked
events,
suppressed
inactivation.
Finally,
our
results
comparing
norepinephrinergic
LC
neuron
support
for
initiation
events
which
modulated
by
ACC.
Collectively,
experiments
identify
site
momentary
foundation
understanding
cortical-subcortical
dynamics
underlying
modulation
states.
Brain,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
147(3), P. 794 - 815
Published: Nov. 15, 2023
Abstract
The
prefrontal
cortex
is
so
important
to
human
beings
that,
if
deprived
of
it,
our
behaviour
reduced
action-reactions
and
automatisms,
with
no
ability
make
deliberate
decisions.
Why
does
the
hold
such
importance
in
humans?
In
answer,
this
review
draws
on
proximity
between
humans
other
primates,
which
enables
us,
through
comparative
anatomical-functional
analysis,
understand
cognitive
functions
we
have
common
specify
those
that
distinguish
from
their
closest
cousins.
First,
a
focus
lateral
region
illustrates
existence
continuum
rhesus
monkeys
(the
most
studied
primates
neuroscience)
for
major
brain
plays
central
role.
This
involves
presence
elementary
mental
operations
monkey
(e.g.
working
memory
or
response
inhibition)
are
constitutive
‘macro-functions’
as
planning,
problem-solving
even
language
production.
Second,
has
developed
dramatically
compared
primates.
increase
seems
concern
anterior
part
frontopolar
cortex).
humans,
development
associated
three
interrelated
changes:
(i)
greater
capacity,
allowing
integration
past
experiences
prospective
futures;
(ii)
capacity
link
discontinuous
distant
data,
whether
temporal
semantic;
(iii)
abstraction,
classify
knowledge
different
ways,
engage
analogical
reasoning
acquire
abstract
values
give
rise
beliefs
morals.
Together,
these
new
skills
enable
among
things,
develop
highly
sophisticated
social
interactions
based
language,
enabling
us
conceive
moral
judgements
conceptualize,
create
extend
vision
environment
beyond
what
can
physically
grasp.
Finally,
model
transition
non-human
concludes
review.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: March 11, 2024
Abstract
A
central
challenge
of
neuroscience
is
to
elucidate
how
brain
function
supports
consciousness.
Here,
we
combine
the
specificity
focal
deep
stimulation
with
fMRI
coverage
entire
cortex,
in
awake
and
anaesthetised
non-human
primates.
During
propofol,
sevoflurane,
or
ketamine
anaesthesia,
subsequent
restoration
responsiveness
by
electrical
thalamus,
investigate
loss
consciousness
impacts
distributed
patterns
structure-function
organisation
across
scales.
We
report
that
activity
under
anaesthesia
increasingly
constrained
structure
scales,
coinciding
anaesthetic-induced
collapse
multiple
dimensions
hierarchical
cortical
organisation.
These
signatures
are
observed
different
anaesthetics,
they
reversed
recovery
behavioural
markers
arousal.
No
such
effects
were
upon
stimulating
ventral
lateral
demonstrating
specificity.
Overall,
identify
consistent
orchestrated
specific
thalamic
nuclei.
General
anesthesia
has
been
used
in
surgical
procedures
for
approximately
180
years,
yet
the
precise
mechanism
of
anesthetic
drugs
remains
elusive.
There
is
significant
anatomical
connectivity
between
ventral
tegmental
area
(VTA)
and
prelimbic
cortex
(PrL).
Projections
from
VTA
dopaminergic
neurons
(VTA
Salud Ciencia y Tecnología,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
5, P. 1496 - 1496
Published: March 3, 2025
Introduction:
This
research
investigated
the
influence
of
gender
on
self-regulation
and
communication
skills
in
11th-grade
Biology
students.
Effective
are
crucial
for
academic
success
personal
development,
making
this
investigation
vital
informing
targeted
educational
strategies.Methods:
A
concurrent
embedded
mixed
methods
approach
was
utilized
study.
Data
were
collected
from
104
students
at
SMAN
3
Singaraja
three
teachers.
Quantitative
data
gathered
via
a
Google
Form
questionnaire
analyzed
using
descriptive
inferential
statistics
(Mann-Whitney
U
test).
Qualitative
data,
comprising
teachers'
perspectives,
qualitative
analysis.Results:
Analysis
revealed:
(1)
No
significant
difference
overall
self-regulation,
except
self-observation
self-reaction;
(2)
Significant
differences
skills,
excluding
assertive
communication.Conclusions:
These
findings
highlight
nuanced
relationship
between
these
skills.
While
showed
no
disparity,
specific
indicators
exhibited
gender-based
differences.
Future
should
focus
developing
gender-sensitive
learning
models
to
enhance
