Self-Amplifying RNA: Advantages and Challenges of a Versatile Platform for Vaccine Development
Thomas Vallet,
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Marco Vignuzzi
No information about this author
Viruses,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
17(4), P. 566 - 566
Published: April 14, 2025
Self-amplifying
RNA
is
synthetic
nucleic
acid
engineered
to
replicate
within
cells
without
generating
viral
particles.
Derived
from
alphavirus
genomes,
saRNA
retains
the
non-structural
elements
essential
for
replication
while
replacing
structural
with
an
antigen
of
interest.
By
enabling
efficient
intracellular
amplification,
offers
a
promising
alternative
conventional
mRNA
vaccines,
enhancing
expression
requiring
lower
doses.
However,
this
advantage
comes
challenges.
In
review,
we
highlight
key
limitations
technology
and
explore
potential
strategies
overcome
them.
identifying
these
challenges,
aim
provide
insights
that
can
guide
future
design
saRNA-based
therapeutics,
extending
their
beyond
vaccine
applications.
Language: Английский
Packaging of alphavirus-based self-amplifying mRNA yields replication-competent virus through a mechanism of aberrant homologous RNA recombination
mBio,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Sept. 25, 2024
ABSTRACT
Messenger
(m)RNA
has
taken
center
stage
in
vaccine
development,
gene
therapy,
and
cancer
immunotherapy.
A
next-generation
of
mRNA
is
the
self-amplifying
(sa)mRNA,
which
induces
broad
long-lasting
immunity
at
a
lower
dose
provides
better
clinical
outcomes
conjunction
with
fewer
adverse
effects.
SamRNA,
also
known
as
“replicon”
RNA,
encodes
replication
machinery
an
alphavirus
together
antigen.
Efficient
delivery
replicon
RNA
to
target
tissues
can
be
accomplished
by
packaging
virus-like
particles
(VRPs)
via
co-transfection
producer
cells
defective
helper
RNA(s)
encoding
structural
proteins.
During
manufacture
VRPs,
however,
there
potential
risk
recombination,
may
lead
formation
replication-competent
virus
(RCV).
To
investigate
factors
influencing
unwanted
RCV
formation,
we
evaluated
how
sequence
homology
orchestrates
recombination.
Several
combinations
complementing
RNAs
varying
length
sequences
overlap
were
co-transfected
mammalian
cells.
The
culture
fluid
was
serially
passaged
detect
RCV.
Nanopore
sequencing
after
first
passage
combination
amplicon-based
Sanger
four
passages
led
detection
generated
between
either
non-structural
or
genes,
whereas
without
overlapping
regions
did
not
generate
Remarkably,
no
detected
recombination
junction
sites
genome,
suggesting
mechanism
“aberrant
homologous
recombination.”
Accordingly,
conclude
that
process
leading
homology-assisted
prevented
avoiding
RNAs.
IMPORTANCE
There
growing
interest
use
(sa)mRNA
vectors
for
samRNA
form
enables
efficient
tissue.
production
these
suffers
from
contamination
(RCV)
thought
arise
events
VRP
packaging.
presence
product
undesirable
alphaviruses
cause
serious
disease
humans.
However,
underlying
currently
unknown.
In
our
work,
demonstrate
detailed
evaluation
sites,
indicates
formed
through
unusual
results
are
useful
researchers
field
delivery.
Language: Английский
Insect-specific virus platforms for arbovirus vaccine development
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: March 14, 2025
Certain
insect-specific
viruses
(ISVs),
specifically
the
mosquito
alphaviruses,
Eilat
and
Yada
viruses,
orthoflaviviruses,
Binjari,
Aripo,
YN15-283-02
Chaoyang
have
emerged
as
potential
platforms
for
generation
of
whole
virus
vaccines
human
veterinary
applications.
These
ISVs
are
remarkably
tolerant
substitution
their
structural
polyproteins
with
those
alphaviruses
orthoflaviviruses
that
pathogenic
in
humans
and/or
animals.
The
resulting
ISV-based
chimeric
been
evaluated
mouse
models
demonstrated
safety
efficacy
non-human
primates,
crocodiles
pigs.
Targets
include
chikungunya,
Venezuelan
eastern
equine
encephalitis,
dengue,
Zika,
yellow
fever,
Japanese
encephalitis
West
Nile
viruses.
provide
authentically
folded
tertiary
quaternary
virion
particle
structures
to
immune
system,
a
key
feature
induction
protective
antibody
responses.
manufactured
C6/36
or
C7-10
cell
lines,
where
they
grow
high
titers,
but
do
not
replicate
vertebrate
vaccine
recipients.
This
review
discusses
progress
these
emerging
technologies
addresses
challenges
related
adjuvanting,
safety,
manufacturing.
Language: Английский
The Potential of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Spread of Self-Amplifying RNA and a Way to Mitigate It
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
26(11), P. 5118 - 5118
Published: May 26, 2025
Self-amplifying
RNA-based
(saRNA)
technology
represents
the
last
frontier
in
using
synthetic
RNA
vaccinology.
Typically,
saRNA
consists
of
positive-strand
molecules
viral
origin
(almost
exclusively
from
alphaviruses)
where
sequences
structural
proteins
are
replaced
with
open
reading
frame
coding
antigen
interest.
For
vivo
delivery,
they
complexed
lipid
nanoparticles
(LNPs),
just
like
current
COVID-19
vaccines
based
on
messenger
(mRNA).
Given
their
ability
to
amplify
themselves
inside
cell,
optimal
intracellular
levels
immunogenic
can
be
achieved
by
delivering
lower
amounts
compared
mRNA-based
vaccines.
However,
excessive
accumulation
may
represent
a
relevant
drawback
since,
as
already
described
alphavirus-infected
cells,
recipient
cell
react
incorporating
into
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs).
These
EVs
shed
and
enter
neighboring
well
distant
EV-associated
start
new
replication
cycle.
This
mechanism
could
lead
an
unwanted
unnecessary
spread
throughout
body,
posing
safety
issues.
perspective
article
discusses
molecular
mechanisms
through
which
saRNAs
transmitted
among
different
cells/tissues.
In
addition,
simple
way
control
possible
intercellular
propagation
co-expression
EV-anchored
protein
inhibiting
is
proposed.
Based
knowledge,
improvement
saRNA-based
appears
mandatory
for
usage
healthy
humans.
Language: Английский
Can self-amplifying RNA vaccines and viruses exchange genetic material?
Irafasha C Casmil,
No information about this author
Anna K. Blakney
No information about this author
Molecular Therapy,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
32(8), P. 2437 - 2438
Published: July 20, 2024
Language: Английский
Design and development of mRNA and self-amplifying mRNA vaccine nanoformulations
Nanomedicine,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 1 - 27
Published: Nov. 13, 2024
The
rapid
evolution
of
mRNA
vaccines,
highlighted
by
Pfizer-BioNTech
and
Moderna's
COVID-19
has
transformed
vaccine
development
therapeutic
approaches.
Self-amplifying
(saRNA)
a
groundbreaking
advancement
in
RNA-based
offer
promising
possibilities
for
disease
prevention
treatment,
including
potential
applications
cancer
neurodegenerative
diseases.
This
review
explores
the
complex
design
these
innovative
with
focus
on
their
nanoscale
formulations
that
utilize
nanotechnology
to
improve
delivery
effectiveness.
It
articulates
fundamental
principles
saRNA
mechanisms
action,
role
synthetic
eliciting
immune
responses.
further
elaborates
various
systems
(e.g.,
lipid
nanoparticles,
polymeric
nanoparticles
other
nanocarriers),
emphasizing
advantages
enhancing
stability
cellular
uptake.
addresses
advanced
techniques
such
as
microfluidics
discusses
challenges
formulating
vaccines.
By
incorporating
latest
technologies
current
research,
this
provides
thorough
overview
recent
nanovaccines
advancements,
highlighting
revolutionize
technology
broaden
clinical
applications.
Language: Английский
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus non-structural protein 3 dictates superinfection exclusion in mammalian cells
Tessy A. H. Hick,
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Taja Zotler,
No information about this author
Davita Bosveld
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et al.
npj Viruses,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
2(1)
Published: Sept. 13, 2024
Superinfection
exclusion
(SIE)
prevents
secondary
infections
of
already
infected
cells.
Arthritogenic
alphaviruses
induce
SIE
via
early
proteolytical
cleavage
replicase
precursor
by
non-structural
protein
2
(nsP2).
Here,
we
explore
the
mechanism
encephalitic
Venezuelan
equine
encephalitis
virus
(VEEV).
Using
single-cell
imaging
techniques
and
VEEV
replicons
encoding
green
or
red
fluorescent
proteins,
observed
full
capacity
in
three
hours.
Transient
expression
nsP3,
but
not
nsP2,
reduced
alphavirus
replication,
suggesting
a
key
role
for
nsP3
mechanism.
In
particular,
C-terminal
hypervariable
domain
(HVD)
was
found
to
be
required
sufficient
more
distantly
related
Sindbis
virus.
As
HVD
is
known
bind
multiple
host
proteins
form
RNA
replication
complexes
modulate
cellular
stress
response,
propose
that
sequestering
essential
protein(s)
interferes
with
superinfecting
alphavirus.
Language: Английский