Respiratory
disease
and
breathing
abnormalities
worsen
with
dehydration
of
the
upper
airways.
We
find
that
humidification
inhaled
air
occurs
by
evaporation
water
over
mucus
lining
airways
in
such
a
way
as
to
deliver
an
osmotic
force
on
mucus,
displacing
it
towards
epithelium.
This
displacement
thins
periciliary
layer
beneath
while
thickening
topical
is
partially
condensed
from
humid
exhalation.
With
rapid
mouth
dry
air,
this
condensation
layer,
not
previously
reported
common
transpiring
hydrogels
nature,
can
compressive
up
around
100
cm
H2O
underlying
cilia,
promoting
adenosine
triphosphate
secretion
activating
neural
pathways.
derive
expressions
for
evolution
thickness
its
impact
cough
frequency,
inflammatory
marker
secretion,
cilia
beat
frequency
respiratory
droplet
generation.
compare
our
predictions
human
clinical
data
multiple
published
sources
highlight
damaging
breathing,
dry,
dirty
high
minute
volume
airway
function.
predict
hypertonic
(or
hypotonic)
saline
mass
required
reduce
amplify)
dysfunction
restoration
deterioration)
structure
ciliated
layers
these
data.
Preserving
balance
appears
critical
light
contemporary
health
challenges
posed
air.
Vaccines,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(2), P. 408 - 408
Published: Feb. 10, 2023
The
coronavirus
2019
(COVID-19)
pandemic
was
caused
by
a
positive
sense
single-stranded
RNA
(ssRNA)
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
2
(SARS-CoV-2).
However,
other
human
coronaviruses
(hCoVs)
exist.
Historical
pandemics
include
smallpox
and
influenza,
with
efficacious
therapeutics
utilized
to
reduce
overall
disease
burden
through
effectively
targeting
competent
host
immune
system
response.
is
composed
of
primary/secondary
lymphoid
structures
initially
eight
types
cell
types,
many
subtypes,
traversing
membranes
utilizing
signaling
cascades
that
contribute
towards
clearance
pathogenic
proteins.
Other
proteins
discussed
cluster
differentiation
(CD)
markers,
major
histocompatibility
complexes
(MHC),
pleiotropic
interleukins
(IL),
chemokines
(CXC).
historical
concepts
immunity
are
the
innate
adaptive
systems.
represented
T
cells,
B
antibodies.
macrophages,
neutrophils,
dendritic
complement
system.
viruses
can
affect
regulate
cycle
progression
for
example,
in
cancers
papillomavirus
(HPV:
cervical
carcinoma),
Epstein-Barr
virus
(EBV:
lymphoma),
Hepatitis
C
(HB/HC:
hepatocellular
carcinoma)
Leukemia
Virus-1
(T
leukemia).
Bacterial
infections
also
increase
risk
developing
cancer
(e.g.,
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
380(1920)
Published: Feb. 27, 2025
The
common
avian
origin
of
many
zoonotic
infections
and
epidemics
warrants
investigation
into
the
mechanism
respiratory
surface
protection
in
reservoir
species
such
as
birds.
Our
recent
molecular
investigations
on
evolution
pulmonary
expression
an
ancient
family
proteins,
C-type
lectins,
have
revealed
unique
adaptations
surfactant
proteins
SP-A1
(aSP-A1),
aSP-A2
aSP-C
coupled
with
loss
protein-D
(SP-D)
lineage.
As
are
members
collectin
family,
a
subgroup
silico
search
for
related
non-surfactant
(Collectin-10
(CL-10)
Collectin-11
(CL-11))
NCBI
genome
database
was
conducted
to
understand
their
In
addition,
both
CL-10
CL-11
gene
lungs
other
organs
zebra
finches
turkeys
confirmed
by
PCR.
These
PCR-confirmed
finch
turkey
sequences
were
compared
sequenced
-predicted
vertebrate
homologues
develop
phylogenetic
tree.
Compared
highly
conserved
among
vertebrates,
suggesting
critical
role
development
innate
immune
protection.
conservation
EPN
collagen
domain
motifs
may
compensate
some
extent
SP-D
This
article
is
part
theme
issue
‘The
biology
system’.
Polymers,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(9), P. 2214 - 2214
Published: May 7, 2023
The
work
reports
a
number
of
results
on
the
dynamics
swelling
and
inferred
nanostructure
ion-exchange
polymer
membrane
Nafion
in
different
aqueous
solutions.
techniques
used
were
photoluminescent
Fourier
transform
IR
(FTIR)
spectroscopy.
centers
photoluminescence
identified
as
sulfonic
groups
localized
at
ends
perfluorovinyl
ether
(Teflon)
that
form
backbone
Nafion.
Changes
deuterium
content
water
induced
unexpected
revealed
process
swelling.
In
these
experiments,
deionized
(DI)
(deuterium
157
ppm)
depleted
(DDW)
with
3
PPM,
investigated.
strong
hydration
involves
competition
between
ortho-
para-magnetic
forms
molecule.
Deuterium,
it
seems,
adsorbs
competitively
thus
can
change
geometry
sulfate
bonds.
With
spectroscopy
this
is
reflected
unwinding
fibers
into
bulk
adjoining
unwound
do
not
tear
off
from
substrate.
They
vastly
extended
“brush”
type
structure
normal
to
surface.
This
may
have
implications
for
specificity
ion
transport
biology,
where
ubiquitous
glycocalyx
cells
tissues
invariably
highly
sulfated
polymers
such
asheparan
chondroitin
sulfate.
QRB Discovery,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
4
Published: Jan. 1, 2023
Abstract
Respiratory
disease
and
breathing
abnormalities
worsen
with
dehydration
of
the
upper
airways.
We
find
that
humidification
inhaled
air
occurs
by
evaporation
water
over
mucus
lining
airways
in
such
a
way
as
to
deliver
an
osmotic
force
on
mucus,
displacing
it
towards
epithelium.
This
displacement
thins
periciliary
layer
beneath
while
thickening
topical
is
partially
condensed
from
humid
exhalation.
With
rapid
mouth
dry
air,
this
condensation
layer,
not
previously
reported
common
transpiring
hydrogels
nature,
can
compressive
up
around
100
cm
H
2
O
underlying
cilia,
promoting
adenosine
triphosphate
secretion
activating
neural
pathways.
derive
expressions
for
evolution
thickness
its
impact
cough
frequency,
inflammatory
marker
secretion,
cilia
beat
frequency
respiratory
droplet
generation.
compare
our
predictions
human
clinical
data
multiple
published
sources
highlight
damaging
breathing,
dry,
dirty
high
minute
volume
airway
function.
predict
hypertonic
(or
hypotonic)
saline
mass
required
reduce
amplify)
dysfunction
restoration
deterioration)
structure
ciliated
layers
these
data.
Preserving
balance
appears
critical
light
contemporary
health
challenges
posed
air.
Immunity Inflammation and Disease,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
12(6)
Published: June 1, 2024
Abstract
Background
Severe
cases
of
COVID‐19
often
lead
to
the
development
acute
respiratory
syndrome,
a
critical
condition
believed
be
caused
by
harmful
effects
SARS‐CoV‐2
on
type
II
alveolar
cells.
These
cells
play
crucial
role
in
producing
pulmonary
surfactants,
which
are
essential
for
proper
lung
function.
Specifically
focusing
surfactant
proteins,
including
Surfactant
protein
A
(SP‐A),
B,
C,
and
D
(SP‐D),
changes
levels
surfactants
may
significant
factor
pathological
seen
infection.
Objective
This
study
aims
gain
insights
into
particularly
their
impacts
during
infection,
through
comprehensive
review
current
literature.
The
focuses
function
as
prognostic
markers,
diagnostic
factors,
components
management
treatment
COVID‐19.
Finding
In
general,
serve
reduce
surface
tension
at
gas–liquid
interface,
thereby
significantly
contributing
regulation
mechanics.
Additionally,
these
innate
immune
system
within
microenvironment.
Within
spectrum
infections,
compelling
association
is
observed,
characterized
elevated
SP‐D
SP‐A
across
range
manifestations
from
mild
severe
pneumonia.
sudden
decline
observed
patients
attributed
decreased
synthesis
Conclusion
Collectin
proteins
such
show
promise
biomarkers,
offering
potential
avenues
predicting
monitoring
injury
context
clarification
enhances
our
understanding
molecular
complexities
complications
cases,
providing
foundation
targeted
therapeutic
approaches
using
refined
clinical
strategies.
Exploration of Immunology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 691 - 721
Published: Nov. 1, 2024
Measles
virus
(Morbillivirus
abbreviated
as
MV,
but
more
recently
MeV)
is
the
causal
agent
of
measles
disease,
thought
to
have
existed
at
least
4,000
years
ago,
affecting
predominantly
infants,
also
immunocompromised
individuals
remaining
a
public
health
issue
today
globally.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
historical
background
about
MeV
infection
modern-day
research
on
current
epidemiology,
what
known
immunisation
against
it.
We
report
viral
structure
and
function
proteins.
This
additionally
covers
cellular
MeV,
mechanisms,
clinical
aspects
infection.
Including
review
topics
like
receptor-associated
entry
factors,
immunology
knowledge
innate
immune
responses
during
explained,
which
involves
changes
chemokine
cytokine
expression,
finalised
by
present
understanding
adaptive
MeV.
The
genomic
stability
proteins
explained
suggestive
that
it
could
be
third
pathogen
with
eradication
potential
(after
variola
rinderpest
viruses).
Further
biological
immunological
clarification
how
occur
below.
Measles
virus
(_Morbillivirus_
abbreviated
as
MV,
but
more
recently
MeV)
is
the
causal
agent
of
disease,
thought
to
have
existed
at
least
4000
years
ago,
affecting
predominantly
infants,
also
immunocompromised
individuals
and
others
remaining
a
public
health
issue
today
globally.
In
this
review,
we
are
discussing
historical
background
about
MeV
infection
modern–day
research,
then
delving
into
disease
what
known
immunisation
against
disease.
We
elucidate
viral
structure
function
proteins.
The
genomic
stability
particle
suggestive
that
third
pathogen
with
potential
be
eradicated
(after
Variola
Rinderpest
viruses)
requires
further
biological
immunological
clarification.
Here
therefore
covers
bow
from
mechanism
clinical
aspects
touching
topics
like
cellular
receptor–associated
factors
immunology
infection.
highlight
actual
knowledge
innate
immune
response
during
infection,
including
chemokine
cytokine
expression
finalised
by
current
understanding
adaptive
responses
MeV.
