Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: March 22, 2019
Abstract
Over
the
past
century,
search
for
lead-free,
environmentally
friendly
initiating
substances
has
been
a
highly
challenging
task
in
field
of
energetic
materials.
Here,
an
organic
primary
explosive
featuring
fused-ring
structure,
6-nitro-7-azido-pyrazol[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine-2-oxide,
was
designed
and
synthesized
through
facile
two-step
reaction
from
commercially
available
reagents.
This
substance
meets
nearly
all
stringent
criteria
explosives
commercial
applications:
it
is
free
toxic
metals
perchlorate,
high
density,
priming
ability,
unusual
sensitivities
towards
non-explosive
stimuli,
excellent
environmental
resistance,
decent
thermal
stability,
detonation
performance,
satisfactory
flowability
pressure
durability,
low-cost
easy
to
scale-up.
These
combined
properties
performance
measures
surpass
current
widely
used
explosive,
DDNP.
The
reported
herein
may
find
real-world
application
as
device
near
future.
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
142(7), P. 3652 - 3657
Published: Jan. 31, 2020
Two
metal-free
explosives,
tetrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine-containing
molecules
[6-azido-8-nitrotetrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine-7-amine
(3at)
and
8-nitrotetrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine-6,7-diamine
(6)],
were
obtained
via
straightforward
two-step
synthetic
routes
from
commercially
available
reagents.
Compound
3at
displays
an
excellent
detonation
performance
(Dv
=
8746
m
s–1
P
31.5
GPa)
that
is
superior
to
commercial
primary
explosives
such
as
lead
azide
diazodinitrophenol
(DDNP).
6
has
thermal
stability,
remarkable
insensitivity,
good
performance,
strongly
suggesting
it
acceptable
secondary
explosive.
The
initiating
ability
of
compound
been
tested
by
detonating
500
mg
RDX
with
a
surprisingly
low
minimum
charge
40
mg.
extraordinary
power
surpasses
conventional
DDNP
(70
mg)
reported
6-nitro-7-azido-pyrazol[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine-2-oxide
(ICM-103)
(60
mg).
outstanding
contributes
its
future
prospects
promising
green
In
addition,
the
environmentally
benign
methodology
for
synthesis
effectively
shortens
time
laboratory-scale
research
practical
applications.
JACS Au,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
5(2), P. 1031 - 1038
Published: Jan. 23, 2025
A
primary
explosive
is
a
perfect
chemical
compound
for
starting
ignition
in
military
and
commercial
uses.
Over
the
past
century,
quest
lead-free,
environmentally
friendly
explosives
has
been
significant
challenge
long-standing
goal.
Here,
an
innovative
organic
explosive,
(E)-1,2-bis(3-azido-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)diazene
(4),
designed
synthesized
through
straightforward
three-step
reaction
from
commercially
available
reagents.
Importantly,
this
integrated
two
trifluoromethyl
azido
groups
into
N,N′-azo-1,2,4-triazole
backbone
to
enhance
performance
safety.
With
combination,
it
meets
stringent
criteria
safer,
explosives:
being
metal
perchlorate-free,
possessing
high
density,
excellent
priming
ability,
unique
sensitivities
nonexplosive
stimuli.
It
shows
robust
environmental
resistance,
good
thermal
stability,
effective
detonation
also
can
be
effectively
initiated
with
laser.
Moreover,
test,
4
successfully
detonated
500
mg
of
PETN
ultralow
minimum
primer
charge
(MPC)
40
mg,
similar
traditional
LA
(MPC:
mg)
outperforming
metal-free
ICM-103
60
DDNP
70
mg).
The
power,
combined
its
synthesis,
cost-effectiveness,
easy
large-scale
manufacturing,
makes
superior
alternative
currently
used
such
as
lead
azide
(LA)
diazodinitrophenol
(DDNP).
Crystal Growth & Design,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
20(3), P. 1891 - 1897
Published: Feb. 12, 2020
Metal-free
energetic
materials
generally
have
the
advantages
of
high
gas
yield
and
metal-free
residue
after
combustion
or
explosion,
enabling
them
to
be
widely
used
as
explosives
propellant
components.
As
part
a
series
our
investigations
on
ABX3
molecular
perovskite
high-energetic
materials,
here
we
report
five
new
members,
(H2A)[NH4(ClO4)3],
by
using
different
organic
cations
H2A2+,
i.e.,
1-hydroxy-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium
for
DAP-O4,
piperazine-1,4-diium
PAP-4,
1-methyl-piperazine-1,4-diium
PAP-M4,
homopiperazine-1,4-diium
PAP-H4,
1-methyl-1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium
DAP-M4,
respectively.
Together
with
previously
reported
member,
(H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3]
(DAP-4,
H2dabco2+
=
1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium),
these
six
provide
nice
instances
fine-tune
oxygen
balance,
crystal
density,
thermal
stability,
detonation
performance,
changing
A-site
solely.
The
density
functional
theory
(DFT)
calculations
Kamlet–Jacob
(K–J)
equation
suggested
that
improving
balance
while
keeping
spherical
shape
match
anionic
cage
in
facilitates
obtaining
better
providing
an
important
clue
designing
advanced
practicable
materials.
It
is
worth
noting
three
compounds
(PAP-4,
DAP-O4)
are
expected
exceed
performances
RDX
both
explosive
propellant,
which
DAP-O4
has
highest
heat
(6.21
kJ
mol–1),
velocity
(8.900
km
s–1),
pressure
(35.7
GPa),
well
higher
specific
impulse
value
(262
s).
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Nov. 27, 2023
A
primary
explosive
is
an
ideal
chemical
substance
for
performing
ignition
in
military
and
commercial
applications.
For
over
150
years,
nearly
all
of
the
developed
explosives
have
suffered
from
various
issues,
such
as
troublesome
syntheses,
high
toxicity,
poor
stability
or/and
weak
performance.
Now
we
report
interesting
example
a
with
double
perovskite
framework,
{(C6H14N2)2[Na(NH4)(IO4)6]}n
(DPPE-1),
which
was
synthesized
using
simple
green
one-pot
method
aqueous
solution
at
room
temperature.
DPPE-1
free
heavy
metals,
toxic
organic
components,
doesn't
involve
any
precursors.
It
exhibits
good
towards
air,
moisture,
sunlight,
heat
has
acceptable
mechanical
sensitivities.
affords
performance
on
par
most
powerful
reported
to
date.
promises
meet
challenges
existing
current
explosives,
this
work
could
trigger
more
extensive
applications
perovskite.
