Journal of Environmental Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
152, P. 527 - 534
Published: June 11, 2024
Disinfection
of
swimming
pool
water
is
critical
to
ensure
the
safety
recreational
activity
for
swimmers.
However,
pools
have
a
constant
loading
organic
matter
from
input
and
anthropogenic
contamination,
leading
elevated
levels
disinfection
byproducts
(DBPs).
Epidemiological
studies
associated
increased
risks
adverse
health
effects
with
frequent
exposure
DBPs
in
pools.
Zhang
et
al.
(2023b)
investigated
occurrence
trihalomethanes
(THMs),
haloacetic
acids
(HAAs),
haloacetonitriles
(HANs),
haloacetaldehydes
(HALs)
eight
corresponding
city
Eastern
China.
The
concentrations
THMs,
HAAs,
HANs,
HALs
were
1–2
orders
magnitude
higher
than
those
detected
water.
total
lifetime
cancer
non-cancer
swimmers
through
oral,
dermal,
inhalation,
buccal,
aural
pathways
assessed
using
United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency's
(USEPA)
standard
model
Swimmer
Exposure
Assessment
Model
(SWIMODEL).
results
showed
that
dermal
inhalation
most
significant
risks.
This
article
provides
an
overview
perspectives
pools,
benefits
swimming,
need
improve
monitoring
DBPs,
importance
swimmers'
hygiene
practices
keep
clean.
outweigh
DBP
promotion
public
health.
Eco-Environment & Health,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
3(2), P. 183 - 191
Published: March 4, 2024
Dihalogenated
nitrophenols
(2,6-DHNPs),
an
emerging
group
of
aromatic
disinfection
byproducts
(DBPs)
detected
in
drinking
water,
have
limited
available
information
regarding
their
persistence
and
toxicological
risks.
The
present
study
found
that
2,6-DHNPs
are
resistant
to
major
water
treatment
processes
(sedimentation
filtration)
households
methods
(boiling,
filtration,
microwave
irradiation,
ultrasonic
cleaning).
To
further
assess
health
risks,
we
conducted
a
series
toxicology
studies
using
zebrafish
embryos
as
the
model
organism.
Our
findings
reveal
these
showed
lethal
toxicity
248
times
greater
than
regulated
DBP,
dichloroacetic
acid.
Specifically,
at
sublethal
concentrations,
exposure
generated
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS),
caused
apoptosis,
inhibited
cardiac
looping,
induced
failure
zebrafish.
Remarkably,
use
ROS
scavenger,
N-acetyl-L-cysteine,
considerably
mitigated
adverse
effects,
emphasizing
ROS'
essential
role
2,6-DHNP-induced
cardiotoxicity.
highlight
cardiotoxic
potential
even
low
concentrations
19
μg/L
beneficial
effect
N-acetyl-L-cysteine
alleviating
This
underscores
urgent
need
for
increased
scrutiny
compounds
public
discussions.
Sustainability,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
17(2), P. 649 - 649
Published: Jan. 16, 2025
To
achieve
sustainable
swimming
pool
water
management,
it
is
necessary
to
minimize
the
consumption
of
energy,
water,
and
chemical
agents
maintain
appropriate
quality.
Some
pollutants
are
introduced
by
swimmers
can
be
relatively
easily
removed
if
take
a
shower
before
entering
pool.
Thus,
this
research
questions
how
much
an
impact
simple
act
could
have
on
quality
generally
management
in
pools.
address
question,
experiments
were
conducted
at
AGH
Swimming
Pool
Kraków,
real
facility—a
hot
tub—with
participation
volunteers
who
took
Variant
1
did
not
2.
The
assessment
was
made
basis
selected
microbiological
physicochemical
parameters
including
disinfection
by-products.
results
proved
that
taking
significantly
reduce
load
users
introduce
into
contribute
more
efficient
ecological
treatment
negative
health
(microbiological
contaminants
precursors
harmful
chlorination
by-products).
Peroxymonosulfate
(PMS)
and
its
activation
processes
have
been
extensively
studied.
However,
iodinated
byproducts
(I-DBPs)
generated
during
nonactivated
PMS
(NPMS)
activated
(APMS)
pose
a
significant
risk.
In
NPMS,
50
μg/L
concentration
of
iodide
(I–)
could
significantly
(p
<
0.05)
increase
the
cytotoxicity
both
Suwanee
River
natural
organic
matter
(SRNOM)
solution
wastewater
secondary
effluent
(SE),
at
dose
0.5
mM
PMS.
Cytotoxicity
genotoxicity
SRNOM
increased
by
6.6
mg-phenol/L
2.4
μg-4-NQO/L
with
200
I–.
For
toxicities
2.4-fold
1.9-fold.
APMS
reduced
42–47%
53–60%
compared
NPMS
in
I–-containing
SE
samples.
promoted
adsorbable
iodine
(AOI)
formation,
while
inhibited
AOI
77.5–84.9%.
FTICR-MS
showed
favored
I-DBP
generation
aromatic
precursors,
whereas
eliminated
these
precursors
I-DBPs.
Compounds
such
as
p-iodophenol
4-methyl-2-iodophenol
were
detected
but
removed
APMS.
exhibited
weaker
oxidation,
producing
tannic
acid-like,
lignin-like,
protein-like
that
can
toxicity
when
reacting
HOI.
Conversely,
enhanced
oxidation
via
hydroxyl
radicals
singlet
oxygen,
decomposing
further.
Importantly,
also
converted
HOI
into
nontoxic
iodate,
reducing
overall
water.
