PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 40(3), P. 631 - 657

Published: Nov. 17, 2020

Abstract We synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human wildlife exposures to poly‐ perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Most exposure assessments have focused on 2 5 legacy PFAS, are typically limited targeted PFAS (up ~30 substances). However, shifts in chemical production occurring rapidly, detecting not kept pace with these changes. Total fluorine measurements complemented by suspect screening using high‐resolution mass spectrometry thus emerging as essential tools assessment. Such enable researchers better understand contributions from precursor compounds that degrade into terminal acids. Available data suggest diet is major pathway some but there large variability across populations compounds. Additional total media fraction unidentified organofluorine needed. Drinking water has been established source contaminated communities. As supplies remediated, general population, dust, personal care products, indoor environments, other sources may be more important. A challenge lack statistically representative population surveys. For wildlife, bioaccumulation processes differ substantially between neutral lipophilic organic compounds, prompting a reevaluation traditional metrics. There evidence both phospholipids proteins important tissue partitioning accumulation PFAS. New mechanistic models being developed will assist risk evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:631–657. © 2020 SETAC

Language: Английский

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Assessing the Ecological Risks of Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Current State‐of‐the Science and a Proposed Path Forward

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 40(3), P. 564 - 605

Published: Sept. 17, 2020

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large, heterogenous group of chemicals potential concern to human health the environment. Based on information for few relatively well-understood PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonate perfluorooctanoate, there is ample basis suspect that at least subset can be considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and/or toxic. However, data suitable determining risks in either prospective or retrospective assessments are lacking majority PFAS. In August 2019, Society Environmental Toxicology Chemistry sponsored workshop focused state-of-the-science supporting risk assessment The present review summarizes discussions concerning ecotoxicology ecological First, we summarize currently available relevant problem formulation/prioritization, exposure, hazard/effects context regulatory activities from around world. We then describe critical gaps uncertainties relative propose approaches address these needs. Recommendations include development more comprehensive monitoring programs support exposure assessment, an emphasis research formulation predictive models bioaccumulation, silico, vitro, vivo methods efficiently assess biological effects potentially sensitive species/endpoints. Addressing needs associated with assessing will require cross-disciplinary employ both conventional new integrated, resource-effective manner. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:564-605. © 2020 Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC behalf SETAC. This article has been contributed US Government employees their work public domain USA.

Language: Английский

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Effect of Enterohepatic Circulation on the Accumulation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Evidence from Experimental and Computational Studies

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 56(5), P. 3214 - 3224

Published: Feb. 9, 2022

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) affect their distribution bioaccumulation in biological systems. enterohepatic circulation leads to reabsorption certain chemicals from bile back into blood the liver thus influences elimination, yet its influence on PFAS remains unclear. We explored role by examining tissue various wild fish a rat model. Computational models were used determine reabsorbed fractions calculating binding affinities for key transporter proteins circulation. results indicated that higher concentrations observed blood, liver, compared other tissues some fish. Furthermore, exposure mixture model showed phenomenon appeared during 8–12 h most long-chain PFAS. Molecular docking calculations suggest can bind via electrostatic hydrophobic interactions. Further regression analysis adds support hypothesis affinity apical sodium-dependent acid is important variable predict human half-lives This study demonstrated critical reabsorption, distribution, accumulation

Language: Английский

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Neurotoxic Effects of Mixtures of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) at Environmental and Human Blood Concentrations

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 11, 2024

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may cause various deleterious health effects. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations between PFAS exposure adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity, mitochondrial toxicity of up to 12 including perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, sulfonates, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer (HPFO-DA) were tested at concentrations typically observed in the environment (e.g., wastewater, biosolids) human blood using high-throughput

Language: Английский

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Phospholipid Levels Predict the Tissue Distribution of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in a Marine Mammal

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 6(3), P. 119 - 125

Published: Feb. 20, 2019

Exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been linked many negative health impacts in humans wildlife. Unlike neutral hydrophobic organic pollutants, PFASs are ionic have hypothesized accumulate both phospholipids protein-rich tissues. Here we investigate the role of for PFAS accumulation by analyzing associations among concurrent measurements phospholipid, total protein, lipid, 24 heart, muscle, brain, kidney, liver, blubber, placenta, spleen North Atlantic pilot whales (Globicephala melas). The sum (∑24 PFAS) was highest liver [median 260 ng g–1; interquartile range (IQR) 216–295 g–1] brain (86.0 IQR 54.5–91.3 g–1), while phospholipid levels were brain. relative abundance greatly increases with carbon-chain lengths ≥10, suggesting shorter-chain compounds may cross blood–brain barrier less efficiently. Phospholipids significant predictors tissue distribution longest-chain PFASs: perfluorodecanesulfonate (PFDS), perfluorododecanoate (PFDoA), perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrA), perfluorotetradecanoate (PFTA) (rs = 0.5–0.6). In all tissues except each 1 mg g–1 increase led a 12–25% concentration PFAS. We conclude that partitioning is an important mechanism bioaccumulation long-chain marine mammals.

Language: Английский

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Uptake, accumulation and metabolism of PFASs in plants and health perspectives: A critical review

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 51(23), P. 2745 - 2776

Published: Aug. 24, 2020

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made persistent organic compounds of significant health environmental concern because their resistance to degradation, tendency for global transport, ability bioaccumulate. The widespread use stability PFASs provide many opportunities human exposure these contaminants. In recent years, our understanding as contaminants in vegetation has increased considerably. taken up, transformed accumulated various compartments plants, the rate processes depends on conditions, compound-specific characteristics, plant species, other competing factors. This review summarizes findings uptake, accumulation, distribution metabolism higher with a specific focus pathways representative compounds. potential risk plant-origin food is also discussed. Further studies chemicals urgent need fill data gaps allow comprehensive pathways. Additional research questions proposed, including behavior fate new PFOS/PFOA replacements systems presence phytoremediation different species.

Language: Английский

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Uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) in red chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) under various treatments with pre-contaminated soil and irrigation water

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 708, P. 134766 - 134766

Published: Nov. 5, 2019

Language: Английский

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Plant uptake and soil fractionation of five ether-PFAS in plant-soil systems

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 771, P. 144805 - 144805

Published: Jan. 27, 2021

Language: Английский

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A food web bioaccumulation model for the accumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in fish: how important is renal elimination?

Environmental Science Processes & Impacts, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 24(8), P. 1152 - 1164

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large class of highly fluorinated anthropogenic chemicals. Some PFAS bioaccumulate in aquatic food webs, thereby posing risks for seafood consumers. Existing models persistent organic pollutants (POPs) perform poorly ionizable PFAS. Here we adapt well-established web bioaccumulation model neutral POPs to predict the behavior six perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) two ether (HFPO-DA, 9-Cl-PF3ONS) produced as PFAA replacements. The new includes sorption blood plasma proteins phospholipids, empirically parameterized membrane transport, renal elimination PFAAs. Improved performance relative prior without these updates is shown by comparing simulations field lab measurements. with eight or more perfluorinated carbons (ηpfc ≥ 8, i.e., C8 perfluorosulfonic acid, C10-C11 perfluorocarboxylic often most abundant webs. reproduces their observed potential within factor >80% fish species, indicating its readiness support development consumption advisories compounds. Results suggest ηpfc 8 primarily driven phospholipid partitioning, that negligible However, specific protein binding mechanisms important reproducing tissue concentrations many shorter-chain PFAAs, including transporter-mediated elimination. Additional data on protein-binding transport needed better understand biological PFAAs alternatives.

Language: Английский

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Evaluation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) In Vitro Toxicity Testing for Developmental Neurotoxicity

Chemical Research in Toxicology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 36(3), P. 402 - 419

Published: Feb. 23, 2023

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse set of commercial chemicals widely detected in humans the environment. However, only limited number PFAS associated with epidemiological or experimental data for hazard identification. To provide developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) information, work herein employed DNT new approach methods (NAMs) to generate

Language: Английский

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