Journal of Applied Toxicology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 28, 2025
ABSTRACT
Fluoxetine
(FLX),
a
typical
selective
serotonin
reuptake
inhibitors,
has
been
frequently
detected
in
aquatic
environment
and
wild
fish.
However,
little
is
known
about
its
effect
on
thyroid
endocrine
system.
In
the
present
study,
zebrafish
(
Danio
rerio
)
embryos
were
exposed
to
1,
3,
10,
30
μg/L
of
FLX
for
6
days.
Chemical
analysis
demonstrated
that
metabolic
product
(nonfluoxetine,
NFLX)
accumulated
larvae.
The
exposure
resulted
decreased
hormones
(THs)
levels,
indicating
disruption.
Moreover,
thyroid‐stimulating
hormone
(TSH)
content
was
significantly
inhibited
concentration‐dependent
manner
after
FLX.
Gene
transcription
hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid
(HPT)
axis
further
examined,
results
showed
genes
encoding
corticotrophin‐releasing
crh
thyrotropin‐releasing
trh
up‐regulated
as
compensatory
mechanism
TH
contents
accompanied
with
tshβ
mRNA
expression.
addition,
involved
synthesis
(sodium/iodide
symporter,
nis
,
thyroglobulin,
tg
transport
(transthyretin,
ttr
down‐regulated
manner.
increased
gene
deiodinases
dio2
uridinediphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferase
ugt1ab
might
be
responsible
decrease
contents.
significant
inhibition
receptors
trα
trβ
expression
observed
upon
treatment
All
these
could
alter
THs
TSH
well
HPT
axis,
exerting
an
disruption
system
Environment International,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
164, P. 107234 - 107234
Published: April 15, 2022
In
this
study,
56
effluent
samples
from
52
European
wastewater
treatment
plants
(WWTPs)
were
investigated
for
the
occurrence
of
499
emerging
chemicals
(ECs)
and
their
associated
potential
risks
to
environment.
The
two
main
objectives
(i)
extend
our
knowledge
on
occurring
in
treated
wastewater,
(ii)
identify
prioritize
compounds
concern
based
three
different
risk
assessment
approaches
identification
consensus
mixture
drivers
concern.
Approaches
include
PNEC
EQS-based
regulatory
quotients
(RQs),
species
sensitivity
distribution
(SSD)-based
hazard
units
(HUs)
(iii)
toxic
(TUs)
biological
quality
elements
(BQEs)
algae,
crustacean,
fish.
For
purpose,
solid-phase
extracts
analysed
with
wide-scope
chemical
target
screening
via
liquid
chromatography
high-resolution
mass
spectrometry
(LC-HRMS),
resulting
366
detected
compounds,
concentrations
ranging
<
1
ng/L
>
100
µg/L.
categorized
respect
critical
information
relevant
management
prioritization
including:
(1)
frequency
occurrence,
(2)
measured
concentrations,
(3)
use
groups,
(4)
persistence
&
bioaccumulation,
(5)
modes
action.
A
comprehensive
using
RQ,
HU
TU
indicated
exceedance
thresholds
majority
effluents
RQ
being
most
sensitive
metric.
total,
299
out
identified
as
contributors
one
approaches,
while
32
established
high
concern,
including
a
percentage
(66%)
pesticides
biocides.
which
have
passed
an
advanced
ozonation
or
activated
carbon
(AC),
consistently
much
lower
estimated.
The Science of The Total Environment,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
878, P. 162939 - 162939
Published: March 17, 2023
Pharmaceuticals
are
a
ubiquitous
group
of
emerging
pollutants
considerable
importance
due
to
their
biological
potency
and
potential
elicit
effects
in
wildlife
humans.
have
been
quantified
terrestrial,
marine,
fresh,
transitional
waters,
as
well
the
fauna
macro-flora
that
inhabit
them.
can
enter
water
ways
through
different
human
veterinary
pathways
with
traditional
wastewater
treatment,
unable
completely
remove
pharmaceuticals,
discharging
often
unknown
quantities
aquatic
ecosystems.
However,
there
is
paucity
available
information
regarding
pharmaceuticals
on
species
at
base
food
webs,
especially
phytoplankton,
research
typically
focussing
fish
invertebrates.
Diatoms
one
main
classes
phytoplankton
some
most
abundant
important
organisms
systems.
As
primary
producers,
diatoms
generate
∼40
%
world's
oxygen
vital
source
for
consumers.
also
be
used
bioremediation
polluted
bodies
but
perhaps
best
known
bio-indicators
quality
studies.
this
keystone,
non-target
ignored
during
ecotoxicological
studies
assess
concern.
Observed
an
indicator
pharmaceutical-induced
impacts
higher
trophic
level
wider
ecosystem
effects.
The
aim
review
present
synthesis
pharmaceutical
exposure
diatoms,
considering
ecotoxicity,
role
bio-indicators.
We
highlight
significant
omissions
knowledge
gaps
which
need
addressing
realise
future
risk
assessment
approaches
help
evaluate
environment
local
global
scales.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
288(1944), P. 20202294 - 20202294
Published: Feb. 10, 2021
Environmental
contamination
by
pharmaceuticals
is
global,
substantially
altering
crucial
behaviours
in
animals
and
impacting
on
their
reproduction
survival.
A
key
question
whether
the
consequences
of
these
pollutants
extend
beyond
mean
behavioural
changes,
restraining
differences
behaviour
between
individuals.
In
a
controlled,
two-year,
multigenerational
experiment
with
independent
mesocosm
populations,
we
exposed
guppies
(
Poecilia
reticulata
)
to
environmentally
realistic
levels
ubiquitous
pollutant
fluoxetine
(Prozac).
Fish
(unexposed:
n
=
59,
low
fluoxetine:
57,
high
58)
were
repeatedly
assayed
four
separate
occasions
for
activity
risk-taking
behaviour.
Fluoxetine
homogenized
individuals'
activity,
individual
variation
populations
even
concentrations
falling
less
than
half
that
unexposed
populations.
To
understand
proximate
mechanism
underlying
tested
relative
contribution
within
individuals
overall
decline
variation.
We
found
strong
evidence
erodes
but
not
individuals,
revealing
hidden
contaminant
phenotypic
fish—likely
impair
adaptive
potential
environmental
change.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
54(13), P. 8072 - 8082
Published: June 18, 2020
Natural
environments
are
subject
to
a
range
of
anthropogenic
stressors,
with
pharmaceutical
pollution
being
among
the
fastest-growing
agents
global
change.
However,
despite
wild
animals
living
in
complex
multi-stressor
environments,
interactions
between
exposure
and
other
stressors
remain
poorly
understood.
Accordingly,
we
investigated
effects
long-term
pervasive
contaminant
fluoxetine
(Prozac)
acute
temperature
stress
on
reproductive
behaviors
activity
levels
guppy
(Poecilia
reticulata).
Fish
were
exposed
environmentally
realistic
concentrations
(measured
average:
38
or
312
ng/L)
solvent
control
for
15
months
using
mesocosm
system.
Additionally,
fish
subjected
one
three
(24
h)
treatments:
cold
(18
°C),
heat
(32
°C).
We
found
no
evidence
interactive
behavior.
both
had
independent
impacts.
Fluoxetine
resulted
increased
male
coercive
copulatory
behavior,
while
unaffected.
Under
cold-temperature
stress,
sexes
less
active
males
exhibited
frequent
behaviors.
Our
results
demonstrate
that
common
pollutant
alter
fundamental
fitness-related
fish,
potentially
shifting
population
dynamics
contaminated
ecosystems.
