Stimuli‐Responsive Hybrid Microgels for a Sustainable Future: A Comprehensive Review of Classification, Synthesis, and Multifaceted Applications

Polymers for Advanced Technologies, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 36(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Recently, there has been an increase, in investigating novel materials to support renewable energy and tackle environmental issues due the pressing demand, for sustainable solutions. Hybrid microgels possess unique characteristics that allow tailoring suit needs, applications harvesting making them a highly promising group of materials. Microgel, nanogel, microsphere, macrogel are terms often used alternately refer range particles vary significantly their structure, physicochemical characteristics, manufacturing process applications. Several investigations have conducted identify distinct uses various gel types classified under nano/micro particle category. This review primarily focuses discussion, around microgel colloidal size, ability alter its shape response external factors polymerization processes they undergo during production, classification, synthesis as well. A selected economic implications expanding production discussed. Applications including enhanced oil recovery, biomaterials, catalysis covered, along with brief description particles. The advancements hybrid now considered essential element creation green technology, providing scalable solutions management, biomedical remediation.

Language: Английский

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Poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanoparticles as visible-light photoinitiators and photosensitizers in 3D printable acrylic hydrogels for photodynamic therapies

Materials Horizons, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

The design of smart photoelectrodes capable stimulating the localized production reactive oxygen species (ROS) on demand is great interest for redox medicine therapies. In this work, poly(3-hexylthiophene) semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (P3HT SPNs) are used with a dual role to fabricate light-responsive hydrogels. First, P3HT SPNs act as visible-light photoinitiators induce photopolymerization acrylic monomers such acrylamide (AAm), 2-(hydroxyethyl) acrylate (HEA), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). This leads formation hydrogels loaded SPNs, demonstrated by photo-rheology infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, also successfully digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing purposes shape-defined intelligent Interestingly, retain their photoelectrochemical properties when embedded within hydrogels, showing photocurrent densities that range from ∼0.2 ∼1.1 μA cm-2 depending intensity visible light-lamp (λ = 467 nm). Second, they can be photosensitizers (PS) generate (ROS), 12-15 μM H2O2, demand. containing do not exhibit cytotoxic effects under normal physiological conditions in darkness against mouse glioma 261 (GL261) cells S. aureus bacteria. However, ∼50% reduction GL261 cancer cell viability ∼99% death contact them upon illumination nm) due overproduction ROS, which makes attractive candidates photodynamic therapies (PDT).

Language: Английский

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Reversible Switching and Recycling of Thermoresponsive 1,2,4-Triazolium-Based Poly(ionic liquid) Catalysts for Porous Organic Cage Synthesis in Organic Media

ACS Macro Letters, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 458 - 463

Published: March 23, 2025

Homogeneous catalysts of high activity and selectivity often face challenges in the separation from feedstocks products after reactions. In contrast, heterogeneous are easier to separate, usually at cost compromised catalytic performance. By designing capable switching between homogeneous states for catalysis separation, merits both could be synergistically combined. this study, a thermoresponsive 1,2,4-triazolium-based poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) was applied as temperature-switchable organocatalyst controlled synthesis porous organic cages methanol. Variation reaction temperature induced phase transition PIL, causing polymer chains dissolve or collapse methanol, thereby exposing shielding catalytically active sites proceed retard reaction, respectively. To note, sufficiently low temperature, PIL catalyst precipitated out its methanol solution separated by centrifugation filtration reuse, similar common catalysts. Such switchable recyclable properties polymeric will inspire design efficient adaptable hybrid nanoreactors liquid media.

Language: Английский

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Enhancing adaptive performance of thermoresponsive ionogel systems through redundancy-driven architecture

Chemical Engineering Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 163070 - 163070

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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