Abstract.
Long-term
tall-tower
eddy-covariance
(EC)
measurements
have
been
recently
established
in
three
European
pilot
cities
as
part
of
the
ICOS-Cities
project.
We
conducted
a
comparison
EC
software
to
ensure
reliable
generation
interoperable
flux
estimates,
which
is
prerequisite
for
avoiding
methodological
biases
and
improving
comparability
results.
analyzed
datasets
covering
five
months
collected
from
installations
located
urbanized
areas
Munich,
Zurich,
Paris.
Fluxes
sensible
heat,
latent
CO2
were
calculated
using
packages
(i.e.,
TK3,
EddyPro,
eddy4)
assess
uncertainty
estimations
attributed
differences
implemented
post-processing
schemes.
A
very
good
agreement
on
mean
values
standard
deviations
was
found
across
all
sites,
can
probably
be
uniform
instrumentation,
data
acquisition,
pre-processing.
The
overall
final
time-series
products
showed
but
not
yet
perfect
among
packages.
TK3
EddyPro
both
fluxes
with
low-frequency
spectral
correction,
resulting
better
than
between
eddy4R
workflow
disabled
treatment.
These
observed
discrepancies
indicate
crucial
role
treating
loss
estimation
systems.
Journal of Landscape Ecology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17(3), P. 38 - 59
Published: Nov. 23, 2024
Abstract
Evapotranspiration
(ET)
is
a
key
component
of
the
hydrological
cycle,
encompassing
evaporation
processes
from
soil
and
water
surfaces
plant
transpiration
(Sun
et
al
.,
2017).
Accurate
estimation
ET
vital
for
effective
resource
management,
agricultural
planning,
environmental
monitoring
(Gowda
2008).
However,
complex
interactions
between
land
surface
conditions,
vegetation,
atmospheric
factors
make
direct
measurement
challenging,
leading
to
development
various
methods.
Remote
sensing
has
become
widely
used
approach
estimating
over
large
areas
because
it
provides
spatially
comprehensive
data
(Xiao
2024).
Methods
like
Surface
Energy
Balance
Algorithm
Land
System
utilise
satellite-derived
thermal
imagery
meteorological
inputs
calculate
by
analysing
energy
exchanges
atmosphere.
These
methods
are
advantageous
their
broad
spatial
coverage,
making
them
particularly
useful
regional
global
scale
studies.
they
require
careful
calibration
validation,
accuracy
can
be
affected
resolution
satellite
quality
inputs.
In
addition
remote
sensing,
several
other
commonly
employed.
The
Penman-Monteith
equation
one
most
accepted
methods,
integrating
data—such
as
air
temperature,
humidity,
wind
speed,
solar
radiation—
with
biophysical
properties
vegetation
estimate
ET.
This
method
been
validated
extensively,
standard
reference
in
Empirical
Hargreaves-Samani
provide
simpler
alternatives
that
fewer
inputs,
suitable
regions
limited
information
but
trade-off
accuracy.
Direct
techniques
offer
highly
accurate
data,
including
lysimeters
eddy
covariance
systems.
Lysimeters
measure
loss
directly
column,
while
systems
assess
exchange
vapour
Despite
precision,
these
high
costs,
maintenance
requirements,
applicability
small-scale,
homogeneous
(Howell,
2005).
Choosing
appropriate
depends
on
study,
availability,
specific
application.
models
scalability
applicability,
measurements
precise
at
localised
scales.
Integrating
improve
reliability
estimates,
enhance
aid
climate
adaptation
efforts.
Abstract.
Long-term
tall-tower
eddy-covariance
(EC)
measurements
have
been
recently
established
in
three
European
pilot
cities
as
part
of
the
ICOS-Cities
project.
We
conducted
a
comparison
EC
software
to
ensure
reliable
generation
interoperable
flux
estimates,
which
is
prerequisite
for
avoiding
methodological
biases
and
improving
comparability
results.
analyzed
datasets
covering
five
months
collected
from
installations
located
urbanized
areas
Munich,
Zurich,
Paris.
Fluxes
sensible
heat,
latent
CO2
were
calculated
using
packages
(i.e.,
TK3,
EddyPro,
eddy4)
assess
uncertainty
estimations
attributed
differences
implemented
post-processing
schemes.
A
very
good
agreement
on
mean
values
standard
deviations
was
found
across
all
sites,
can
probably
be
uniform
instrumentation,
data
acquisition,
pre-processing.
The
overall
final
time-series
products
showed
but
not
yet
perfect
among
packages.
TK3
EddyPro
both
fluxes
with
low-frequency
spectral
correction,
resulting
better
than
between
eddy4R
workflow
disabled
treatment.
These
observed
discrepancies
indicate
crucial
role
treating
loss
estimation
systems.
Heliyon,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(8), P. e29356 - e29356
Published: April 1, 2024
Landfills
play
a
key
role
as
greenhouse
gas
(GHGs)
emitters,
and
urgently
need
assessment
management
plans
development
to
swiftly
reduce
their
climate
impact.
In
this
context,
accurate
emission
measurements
from
landfills
under
different
would
the
uncertainty
in
accounting.
study,
more
than
one
year
of
long-term
high-frequency
data
CO
Abstract.
Eddy
covariance
(EC)
measurements
can
provide
direct
and
non-invasive
ecosystem
of
the
exchange
energy,
water
(H2O)
carbon
dioxide
(CO2).
However,
conventional
eddy
(CON-EC)
setups
(ultrasonic
anemometer
infrared
gas
analyser)
be
expensive,
which
recently
led
to
development
lower-cost
(LC-EC)
setups.
In
current
study
we
test
performance
a
LC-EC
setup
for
CO2
H2O
flux
at
an
agroforestry
adjacent
grassland
site
in
temperate
northern
Germany.
The
closed-path
was
compared
with
CON-EC
using
enclosed-path
analyser
(LI-7200,
LI-COR
Inc.,
Lincoln,
NE,
USA).
CO2
fluxes
were
lower
by
7–13
%
(R2
=
0.91–0.95)
latent
heat
fluxes
higher
2–3
2020
23
2021
0.84–0.90).
large
difference
between
2021,
seems
consequence
LE
measured
CON-EC.
Due
slower
response
sensors
setup,
(co)spectra
more
attenuated
high-frequency
range
This
stronger
attenuation
requires
larger
spectral
correction
as
differences
factors
different
methods.
At
where
tower
taller
grassland,
lower,
because
cospectrum
peak
energy-containing
eddies
shift
frequencies
measure.
With
systems
shown
that
had
2.3
times
uptake
both
equal
evapotranspiration
when
simultaneously
one
month.
Our
results
show
has
potential
measure
EC
various
land-use
approximately
25
costs
system.
Abstract.
Eddy
covariance
(EC)
measurements
can
provide
direct
and
non-invasive
ecosystem
of
the
exchange
energy,
water
(H2O)
carbon
dioxide
(CO2).
However,
conventional
eddy
(CON-EC)
setups
(ultrasonic
anemometer
infrared
gas
analyser)
be
expensive,
which
recently
led
to
development
lower-cost
(LC-EC)
setups.
In
current
study
we
test
performance
a
LC-EC
setup
for
CO2
H2O
flux
at
an
agroforestry
adjacent
grassland
site
in
temperate
northern
Germany.
The
closed-path
was
compared
with
CON-EC
using
enclosed-path
analyser
(LI-7200,
LI-COR
Inc.,
Lincoln,
NE,
USA).
CO2
fluxes
were
lower
by
7–13
%
(R2
=
0.91–0.95)
latent
heat
fluxes
higher
2–3
2020
23
2021
0.84–0.90).
large
difference
between
2021,
seems
consequence
LE
measured
CON-EC.
Due
slower
response
sensors
setup,
(co)spectra
more
attenuated
high-frequency
range
This
stronger
attenuation
requires
larger
spectral
correction
as
differences
factors
different
methods.
At
where
tower
taller
grassland,
lower,
because
cospectrum
peak
energy-containing
eddies
shift
frequencies
measure.
With
systems
shown
that
had
2.3
times
uptake
both
equal
evapotranspiration
when
simultaneously
one
month.
Our
results
show
has
potential
measure
EC
various
land-use
approximately
25
costs
system.
Atmospheric measurement techniques,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17(20), P. 6047 - 6071
Published: Oct. 17, 2024
Abstract.
Eddy
covariance
(EC)
measurements
can
provide
direct
and
non-invasive
ecosystem
of
the
exchange
energy,
water
(H2O)
carbon
dioxide
(CO2).
However,
conventional
eddy
(CON-EC)
setups
(ultrasonic
anemometer
infrared
gas
analyser)
be
expensive,
which
recently
led
to
development
lower-cost
(LC-EC)
(University
Exeter).
In
current
study,
we
tested
performance
an
LC-EC
setup
for
CO2
H2O
flux
at
agroforestry
adjacent
grassland
site
in
a
temperate
northern
Germany.
The
closed-path
was
compared
with
CON-EC
using
enclosed-path
analyser
(LI-7200,
LI-COR
Inc.,
Lincoln,
NE,
USA).
fluxes
were
lower
by
4
%–7
%
(R2=0.91–0.95),
latent
heat
(LE)
higher
1
%–5
2020
23
2021
(R2=0.84–0.91).
large
difference
between
seemed
consequence
LE
measured
CON-EC.
Due
slower
response
sensors
setup,
(co)spectra
more
attenuated
high-frequency
range
stronger
attenuation
larger
cumulative
differences
spectral
methods
0.15
%–38.8
0.02
%–11.36
At
where
tower
taller
grassland,
because
cospectrum
peak
energy-containing
eddies
shift
frequencies
measure.
It
shown
systems
that
had
105.6
g
C
m−2
uptake
3.1–14.4
mm
evapotranspiration
when
simultaneously
month.
Our
results
show
has
potential
measure
EC
system
approximately
25
cost
system.
Abstract.
Long-term
tall-tower
eddy-covariance
(EC)
measurements
have
been
recently
established
in
three
European
pilot
cities
as
part
of
the
ICOS-Cities
project.
We
conducted
a
comparison
EC
software
to
ensure
reliable
generation
interoperable
flux
estimates,
which
is
prerequisite
for
avoiding
methodological
biases
and
improving
comparability
results.
analyzed
datasets
covering
five
months
collected
from
installations
located
urbanized
areas
Munich,
Zurich,
Paris.
Fluxes
sensible
heat,
latent
CO2
were
calculated
using
packages
(i.e.,
TK3,
EddyPro,
eddy4)
assess
uncertainty
estimations
attributed
differences
implemented
post-processing
schemes.
A
very
good
agreement
on
mean
values
standard
deviations
was
found
across
all
sites,
can
probably
be
uniform
instrumentation,
data
acquisition,
pre-processing.
The
overall
final
time-series
products
showed
but
not
yet
perfect
among
packages.
TK3
EddyPro
both
fluxes
with
low-frequency
spectral
correction,
resulting
better
than
between
eddy4R
workflow
disabled
treatment.
These
observed
discrepancies
indicate
crucial
role
treating
loss
estimation
systems.
Abstract.
Long-term
tall-tower
eddy-covariance
(EC)
measurements
have
been
recently
established
in
three
European
pilot
cities
as
part
of
the
ICOS-Cities
project.
We
conducted
a
comparison
EC
software
to
ensure
reliable
generation
interoperable
flux
estimates,
which
is
prerequisite
for
avoiding
methodological
biases
and
improving
comparability
results.
analyzed
datasets
covering
five
months
collected
from
installations
located
urbanized
areas
Munich,
Zurich,
Paris.
Fluxes
sensible
heat,
latent
CO2
were
calculated
using
packages
(i.e.,
TK3,
EddyPro,
eddy4)
assess
uncertainty
estimations
attributed
differences
implemented
post-processing
schemes.
A
very
good
agreement
on
mean
values
standard
deviations
was
found
across
all
sites,
can
probably
be
uniform
instrumentation,
data
acquisition,
pre-processing.
The
overall
final
time-series
products
showed
but
not
yet
perfect
among
packages.
TK3
EddyPro
both
fluxes
with
low-frequency
spectral
correction,
resulting
better
than
between
eddy4R
workflow
disabled
treatment.
These
observed
discrepancies
indicate
crucial
role
treating
loss
estimation
systems.
Abstract.
Long-term
tall-tower
eddy-covariance
(EC)
measurements
have
been
recently
established
in
three
European
pilot
cities
as
part
of
the
ICOS-Cities
project.
We
conducted
a
comparison
EC
software
to
ensure
reliable
generation
interoperable
flux
estimates,
which
is
prerequisite
for
avoiding
methodological
biases
and
improving
comparability
results.
analyzed
datasets
covering
five
months
collected
from
installations
located
urbanized
areas
Munich,
Zurich,
Paris.
Fluxes
sensible
heat,
latent
CO2
were
calculated
using
packages
(i.e.,
TK3,
EddyPro,
eddy4)
assess
uncertainty
estimations
attributed
differences
implemented
post-processing
schemes.
A
very
good
agreement
on
mean
values
standard
deviations
was
found
across
all
sites,
can
probably
be
uniform
instrumentation,
data
acquisition,
pre-processing.
The
overall
final
time-series
products
showed
but
not
yet
perfect
among
packages.
TK3
EddyPro
both
fluxes
with
low-frequency
spectral
correction,
resulting
better
than
between
eddy4R
workflow
disabled
treatment.
These
observed
discrepancies
indicate
crucial
role
treating
loss
estimation
systems.
