Biochimie, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 170, P. 10 - 20
Published: Dec. 9, 2019
Language: Английский
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 1463 - 1482
Published: Jan. 1, 2021
The human gastrointestinal tract (GI) harbors a diverse population of microbial life that continually shapes host pathophysiological responses. Despite readily available abundant metagenomic data, the functional dynamics gut microbiota remain to be explored in various health and disease conditions. Microbiota generate variety metabolites from dietary products influence functions. Since are produced close proximity epithelium, presumably they have significant impact on barrier function immune goal this review is discuss recent advances regulation intestinal function. While mechanisms action these only beginning emerge, mainly point small group shared pathways control Amidst expanding technology broadening knowledge, exploitation beneficial their restore balance will likely prove an extremely useful remedial tool. SummaryGut proximal regulate numerous responsive activities. Current article highlights area as well potential translational applications regulating disorders. Gut Humans microbes coevolved over millions years, thereby contributing interdependency physiological activities.1Li M. Wang B. Zhang Rantalainen S. Zhou H. Y. Shen J. Pang X. Wei Chen Lu Zuo Su Qiu Jia W. Xiao C. Smith L.M. Yang Holmes E. Tang Zhao G. Nicholson J.K. Li L. Symbiotic modulate metabolic phenotypes.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105: 2117-2122Crossref PubMed Scopus (755) Google Scholar Diverse interactive associations cells lead mild severe cellular molecular responses depending status Deciphering underlying relationship between community provides unique opportunity utilize prevent treat disorders maintain overall health. Increasing culture-independent omic-based technologies such biomarker sequencing, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, metabolomics facilitated discovery novel microbiota2Oh Byrd A.L. Deming Conlan Program N.C.S. Kong H.H. Segre J.A. 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O'Mahony D. van Sinderen Wallace Brennan Stanton Marchesi J.R. A.P. Shanahan Hill Ross R.P. O'Toole P.W. composition correlates diet elderly.Nature. 488: 178-184Crossref (1618) (∼1012–1013) play important role homeostatic leading activities both disease. significantly separates internal organs harmful entities including microorganisms, luminal antigens, proinflammatory factors. Intestinal compromised (barrier dysfunction) several conditions increased translocation bacteria, endotoxins, other inflammatory mediators. dysfunction associated systemic response resulting aggravation diseases. Recent studies shown correlation bowel (IBD), irritable syndrome (IBS), celiac also strongly correlated autoimmune, inflammatory, diseases diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertension, food allergies, cancer.10Gopalakrishnan Helmink B.A. Spencer Reuben Wargo cancer, immunity, cancer immunotherapy.Cancer Cell. 2018; 33: 570-580Abstract (267) Scholar,11Martini Krug S.M. 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Fecal induces remission patients active ulcerative colitis randomized controlled trial.Gastroenterology. 149: 102-109.e6Abstract (706) Scholar,20Kim Gadani Abdul-Baki Mitre R. recurrent infection: retrospective single-center chart review.JGH Open. 2019; 3: 4-9Crossref (9) One major metabolism components generation physiology function.21Maurice C.F. Haiser Turnbaugh P.J. Xenobiotics gene expression microbiome.Cell. 152: 39-50Abstract (468) restoration separate cell functions.22Singh Chandrashekharappa Bodduluri Baby B.V. Hegde Kotla N.G. Hiwale A.A. Saiyed T. Patel Vijay-Kumar Langille M.G.I. Douglas G.M. Cheng Rouchka Waigel S.J. Dryden G.W. Alatassi H.G. Haribabu Vemula P.K. Jala V.R. Enhancement integrity metabolite Nrf2 pathway.Nat Commun. 10: 89Crossref (108) 23Ewaschuk J.B. Diaz Meddings Diederichs Dmytrash Backer Looijer-van Langen Madsen K.L. Secreted bioactive Bifidobacterium infantis enhance function.Am Physiol Gastrointest Liver 295: G1025-G1034Crossref (359) 24Anderson R.C. Cookson McNabb W.C. Park McCann Kelly W.J. Roy N.C. Lactobacillus plantarum MB452 enhances increasing levels genes involved formation.BMC Microbiol. 2010; 316Crossref (210) Detailed yet elucidated, but knowledge concerning system gradually. Exploiting tool against In review, we how reinforce via bi-directional interactions cells. Further, treatment strategies mitigate composed 3 main interlinked/interdependent layers physical bacterial intrusion lumen. These include mucus layer, layer formed continuous sheet cells, third, forms system. acts immunological defense viruses, environmental toxins. selectively permeable allow for essential nutrients, electrolytes, amino acids, short-chain acids (SCFAs), sugars, water, select lumen into circulation. single interspersed functionally specialized differentiated enterocytes, Paneth goblet tuft enteroendocrine microfold which together form polarized monolayer separation lamina propria (Table 1). Among these, present intestine, whereas intestine colon, reviewed previously.25Peterson L.W. Artis cells: regulators homeostasis.Nat Rev 141-153Crossref (1145) 26Okumura Takeda Roles maintenance homeostasis.Exp 49: e338Crossref 27Allaire J.M. Crowley Law H.T. Chang S.-Y. Ko H.-J. Vallance epithelium: central coordinator immunity.Trends 39: 677-696Abstract (159) layer28Corfield interaction human.Microorganisms. 6: 78Crossref Scholar,29Corfield Carroll Myerscough Probert C.S. Mucins Biosci. 2001; D1321-D1357Crossref different types distinct roles maintaining homeostasis.Table 1Cell Types Barrier Their FunctionCell typesRole functionEnterocytes (small colon)•Responsible junctional complexes.•Nutrient absorption metabolization.•Balance shedding.•Secretion antimicrobial agents.•Changes expression/localization proteins permeability.Paneth intestine)•Source AMPs.•Directly sense critical homeostasis.•Paneth triggers inflammation dysfunction.•Lack leads necrotizing enterocolitis mice.Goblet intestine)•Produce release MUCs, forming glycoprotein barrier.•Lack MUC2 or O-glycan N-glycosylation susceptibility colitis.Tuft colon)•Secrete IL-25 IL-13 type 2 innate lymphoid (ILC2) promote hyperplasia mucin production.•Detect helminth infection expulse.Enteroendocrine colon)•Secret hormones GLP-2.•GLP-2 TJ ZO-1 occludin attenuates TNF-α–induced changes colon cells.•GLP-2 wound healing TGF-β–dependent manner.M intestine)•Antigen uptake.•M damage, during chronic elevates uptake microorganisms amplifying condition dysfunction.AMP, peptide; GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide-2; M cell, cell; MUC, mucin; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TJ, junction; TNF-α, tumor necrosis alpha. Open table new tab AMP, (IECs) selective penetration electrolytes while simultaneously excluding pathogen-associated pattern, toxins, foreign antigens.30Kunzelmann Mall Electrolyte transport mammalian colon: implications disease.Physiol Rev. 2002; 82: 245-289Crossref Enterocytes connect each adhesive make up (TJ) proteins, adherens (AJ) gap desmosomes 2).31Niessen C.M. Tight junctions/adherens junctions: basic structure function.J Invest Dermatol. 127: 2525-2532Abstract (410) Scholar,32Groschwitz K.R. Hogan S.P. function: pathogenesis.J Allergy Clin 2009; 124 (quiz 21–22): 3-20Abstract (766) complexes not mechanically secure extracellular interactions, intracellular adaptor protein–mediated within Epithelial tightly paracellular (space cells) transcellular (through cell) posttranslational modifications proteins.33Van Itallie Anderson Claudins transport.Annu 2006; 68: 403-429Crossref (837) 34Fung K.Y.Y. Fairn G.D. W.L. Transcellular vesicular endothelial challenges opportunities.Traffic. 19: 5-18Crossref (47) 35Shigetomi Ikenouchi Regulation post-translational membrane proteins.J Biochem. 163: 265-272Crossref (0) located apical side belt-like ring at lateral membrane. consist 50 crucial cell-to-cell adhesion health.36Chiba Osanai Murata Kojima Sawada Transmembrane junctions.Biochim Biophys Acta. 1778: 588-600Crossref (276) Some tetraspan single-span transmembrane link cytoskeletal proteins.37Schulzke J.D. Fromm meets function.Ann N Y Sci. 1165: 1-6Crossref (1) (OCLN), claudin (CLDN), tricellulin molecules proteins.38Furuse Hirase Itoh Nagafuchi Yonemura Tsukita Occludin: integral localizing junctions.J Cell Biol. 1993; 123: 1777-1788Crossref (1975) 39Furuse Fujita Hiiragi Fujimoto Claudin-1 -2: junctions no sequence similarity occludin.J 1998; 141: 1539-1550Crossref (1554) 40Ikenouchi Furuse Sasaki Tricellulin constitutes tricellular contacts cells.J 171: 939-945Crossref (535) 41Garrido-Urbani Bradfield P.F. Imhof dynamics: (JAMs).Cell Tissue Res. 355: 701-715Crossref (64) Other zonula occludens (ZO) (ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3) scaffold proteins. postsynaptic density protein-95/Drosophila disc large suppressor/ZO-1 (PDZ) binding domains plaque (eg, F-actin) complex.42Odenwald M.A. Choi Kuo W.T. Singh Sailer Fanning A.S. Turner scaffolding coordinates actomyosin specializations vivo.J Biol Chem. 293: 17317-17335Abstract (20) seals generally when anastomose adjacent based size/charge space. Adherence primarily contribute mechanical structures, properties, extensively elsewhere.43Garcia-Hernandez Quiros Nusrat claudins: homeostasis inflammation.Ann 1397: 66-79Crossref (104) 44Laukoetter Bruewer complex.Curr Opin 22: 85-89Crossref (173) 45Buckley disease.Cold Spring Harb Perspect A02931Crossref (110) 46Farkas A.E. Pharmacological targeting inflamed barrier.Curr Pharm Des. 5400-5414Crossref (3) 47Choi Yeruva Contributions barriers disease.Exp 358: 71-77Crossref (29) 48Zuo targets effectors homeostasis.Cell 2020; 327-340Abstract ScholarTable 2Structural Components Cells FunctionStructural componentsJunctional proteinsExamples dysfunctionTight proteinsZO, occludin, claudins, tricellulin, JAM•IFN-γ TNF-α mediated organization ZO-1, claudin-1, claudin-4, occluding, JAM-A downregulate function.•Downregulation claudin-3, claudin-5, claudin-8 claudin-2 MLCK phosphorylation function.Adherens proteinsCadherins, catenins•Downregulated E-cadherin–catenin complex mediates impairment barrier.DesmosomeDesmoglein, desmocollins•Desmoglein (Dsg2) deficiency loss integrity.Gap junctionsConnexin•Connexin-43 plays intercellular communication vesicles, tunneling nanotubes junctions.IFN-γ, interferon gamma; JAM, molecules; MLCK, myosin light-chain kinase; alpha; ZO, occludens. IFN-γ, disruption AJ, causing dysregulated translocation/transportation mediators, potentially manifests inflammation. Increased further perpetuates permeability. following sections describe altered state Defective combination dysregulation tract–related limited drug-induced toxicity, cancer. occurs apoptosis/enterocyte death, degradation, due TJs. independently regulated consequences other. section describes responsible dysfunction. As described previous sections, was solutes water cross TJs size charge selectivity: pore pathway48Zuo 49Turner disease.Nat 799-809Crossref (1727) 50Anderson Van Physiology junction.Cold 1: a002584Crossref (563) leak pathway.48Zuo Scholar,51Buschmann M.M. Rajapakse Raleigh D.R. Lingaraju Zha Abbott McAuley Breskin L.A. Wu Weber C.R. Occludin OCEL-domain required macromolecular flux.Mol 24: 3056-3068Crossref (94) pathway exclusively excludes diameter ≤8 Å high-conductance route. CLDN-2 CLDNs 10a, 10b, 15, 16, 17 were pathway. contrast pathway, allows macromolecule flux exclusion limit ∼100 lower conductance.51Buschmann believed (MLCK), where constitutively sufficient increase pathway–dependent vivo.52Shen Black E.D. Witkowski Lencer W.I. Guerriero Schneeberger E.E. Myosin light chain regulates remodeling structure.J 119: 2095-2106Crossref (308) Scholar,53Su Clayburgh Nalle S.C. Sullivan E.A. Abraham Targeted causes activation contributes development experimental colitis.Gastroenterology. 136: 551-563Abstract (273) OCLN, pathway.54Yu McCarthy K.M. Francis S.A. McCormack Lai Rogers Lynch R.D. Knockdown phenotypic alterations cells.Am 288: C1231-C1241Crossref (239) discussions published.48Zuo Scholar,49Turner 9
Language: Английский
Citations
477
Molecules, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 26(23), P. 7136 - 7136
Published: Nov. 25, 2021
Antibiotics played an important role in controlling the development of enteric infection. However, emergence antibiotic resistance and gut dysbiosis led to a growing interest use natural antimicrobial agents as alternatives for therapy disinfection. Chitosan is nontoxic polymer approved by GRAS (Generally Recognized Safe United States Food Drug Administration). chitosan derivatives can kill microbes neutralizing negative charges on microbial surface. Besides, chemical modifications give better water solubility property. This review gives overview preparation chitosan, its derivatives, conjugates with other polymers nanoparticles properties, explains direct indirect mechanisms action summarizes current treatment infections well infections. Finally, we suggested future directions further research improve develop more useful conjugates.
Language: Английский
Citations
319
Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(9), P. 543 - 556
Published: July 10, 2020
Language: Английский
Citations
281
Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(3), P. 886 - 886
Published: March 9, 2021
Infectious diseases and infections remain a leading cause of death in low-income countries major risk to vulnerable groups, such as infants the elderly. The immune system plays crucial role susceptibility, persistence, clearance these infections. With 70–80% cells being present gut, there is an intricate interplay between intestinal microbiota, epithelial layer, local mucosal system. In addition responses it increasingly recognized that gut microbiome also affects systemic immunity. Clinicians are more using increased knowledge about complex interactions system, microbiome, human pathogens. now well-recognized impact nutrition on composition microbiota elucidates can play improving health. This review describes mechanisms involved maintaining balance health, response, immunity, linking this infectious throughout life, highlights disease prevention treatment.
Language: Английский
Citations
260
Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 52(9), P. 1364 - 1376
Published: Sept. 1, 2020
Abstract Pectins are dietary fibers with different structural characteristics. Specific pectin structures can influence the gastrointestinal immune barrier by directly interacting cells or impacting intestinal microbiota. The impact of strongly depends on specific characteristics pectin; for example, degree methyl-esterification, acetylation and rhamnogalacturonan I II neutral side chains. Here, we review interactions barrier. effects include strengthening mucus layer, enhancing epithelial integrity, activating inhibiting dendritic cell macrophage responses. direct interaction pectins may be governed through pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors 2 4 Galectin-3. In addition, stimulate diversity abundance beneficial microbial communities. Furthermore, enhanced short-chain fatty acids. Moreover, enhance favoring adhesion commensal bacteria pathogens to cells. Current data illustrate that a powerful fiber manage prevent several inflammatory conditions, but additional human studies molecules well-defined urgently needed.
Language: Английский
Citations
229
Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9
Published: Sept. 25, 2018
As the primary barrier between an organism and its environment, epithelial cells are well positioned to regulate tolerance while preserving immunity against pathogens. Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC class II) highly expressed on surface of (ECs) in both lung intestine, although functional consequences this expression not fully understood. Here, we summarize current information regarding interactions that EC MHC health disease. We then evaluate potential role as non-professional antigen presenting cells. Finally, explore future areas study contribution surfaces gut-lung crosstalk.
Language: Английский
Citations
218
Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10
Published: March 29, 2019
The mammalian intestine is colonized by over a trillion microbes that comprise the "gut microbiota," microbial community which has co-evolved with host to form mutually beneficial relationship. Accumulating evidence indicates gut microbiota participates in immune system maturation and also plays central role defense against pathogens. Here we review some of mechanisms employed boost innate response pathogens present on epithelial mucosal surfaces. Antimicrobial peptide secretion, inflammasome activation induction IL-22, IL-17 IL-10 production are most commonly observed strategies for anti-pathogen defense. Taken together, body suggests can elicit immunity
Language: Английский
Citations
190
Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(2), P. 289 - 289
Published: Jan. 27, 2022
The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as is widely recognized a critical player in gut homeostasis maintenance it ensures the complex crosstalk between microbes (both commensals and pathogens) host immune system. Highly specialized epithelial cells constantly cope with several protective harmful agents maintain multiple physiological functions of barrier well its integrity. However, both genetic defects environmental factors can break such equilibrium, thus promoting dysbiosis, dysregulated immune-inflammatory responses, even development chronic pathological conditions. Here, we review discuss molecular cellular pathways underlying structural functional homeostasis, focusing on potential alterations that may undermine this fine balance.
Language: Английский
Citations
186
Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9
Published: March 12, 2018
The human body is colonized by millions of microorganisms named microbiota that interact with our tissues in a cooperative and non-pathogenic manner. These are present the skin, gut, nasal, oral cavities genital tract. In fact, it has been described contributes to balancing immune system maintain host homeostasis. gut vital organ where can influence determine function cells preserve wellbeing individual. Several articles have emphasized connection between intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn's disease dysbiosis or an imbalance composition gut. However, little known about role pathologies affecting other than intestine. This article focuses on what play pathogenesis non-intestinal Grave's multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we discuss how metabolites derived from bacteria could be used potential therapies for diseases.
Language: Английский
Citations
164
Animals, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 145 - 145
Published: Jan. 8, 2022
The gastrointestinal tract, which is constantly exposed to a multitude of stimuli, considered responsible for maintaining the homeostasis host. It inhabited by billions microorganisms, gut microbiota, form mutualistic relationship with Although microbiota generally recognized as beneficial, at same time, together pathogens, they are permanent threat Various populations epithelial cells provide first line chemical and physical defense against external factors acting interface between luminal microorganisms immunocompetent in lamina propria. In this review, we focus on some essential, innate mechanisms protecting mucosal integrity, thus intestine homeostasis. characteristics decisive cell involved barrier arrangement, based mucus secretion, formation intercellular junctions well production antimicrobial peptides, shaping presented. We emphasize importance cross-talk factor vital maintenance GI tract. Finally, discuss how imbalance these regulations leads compromised integrity dysbiosis contribute inflammatory disorders metabolic diseases.
Language: Английский
Citations
156