Diabetic Microvascular Disease: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 102(12), P. 4343 - 4410

Published: Nov. 8, 2017

Both type 1 and 2 diabetes adversely affect the microvasculature in multiple organs. Our understanding of genesis this injury potential interventions to prevent, limit, or reverse injury/dysfunction is continuously evolving. This statement reviews biochemical/cellular pathways involved facilitating abrogating microvascular injury. The summarizes types that occur three classical target tissues, eye, kidney, peripheral nervous system; also information on effects insulin resistance skin, brain, adipose tissue, cardiac skeletal muscle. Despite extensive intensive research, it disappointing complications continue compromise quantity quality life for patients with diabetes. Hopefully, by building current research findings, we will discover new approaches prevention treatment be effective future generations.

Language: Английский

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Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease—Potential Therapeutic Role of Minerals, Vitamins and Plant-Derived Metabolites

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 21(1), P. 263 - 263

Published: Dec. 30, 2019

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a debilitating pathology with various causal factors, culminating in end stage renal (ESRD) requiring dialysis or transplantation. The progression of CKD closely associated systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which are responsible for the manifestation numerous complications such as malnutrition, atherosclerosis, coronary artery calcification, heart failure, anemia mineral bone disorders, well enhanced cardiovascular mortality. In addition to conventional therapy anti-inflammatory antioxidative agents, growing evidence has indicated that certain minerals, vitamins plant-derived metabolites exhibit beneficial effects these disturbances. current work, we review antioxidant properties agents could be potential benefit CKD/ESRD. However, related studies were limited due small sample sizes short-term follow-up many trials. Therefore, several long-term follow-ups necessary.

Language: Английский

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AKI on CKD: heightened injury, suppressed repair, and the underlying mechanisms

Kidney International, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 92(5), P. 1071 - 1083

Published: Sept. 8, 2017

Language: Английский

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Insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review

AJP Renal Physiology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 311(6), P. F1087 - F1108

Published: Oct. 6, 2016

Insulin resistance (IR) is an early metabolic alteration in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, being apparent when the glomerular filtration rate still within normal range and becoming almost universal those who reach end stage of failure. The skeletal muscle represents primary site IR CKD, alterations at sites beyond insulin receptor are recognized as main defect underlying this condition. Estimates based on fasting concentration easier faster but may not be adequate patients with CKD because renal insufficiency reduces catabolism. hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp gold standard for assessment sensitivity technique allows a direct measure to insulin. etiology multifactorial nature secondary disturbances that prominent diseases, including physical inactivity, inflammation, oxidative stress, vitamin D deficiency, acidosis, anemia, adipokine derangement, altered gut microbiome. contributes progression by worsening hemodynamics various mechanisms, activation sympathetic nervous system, sodium retention, downregulation natriuretic peptide system. has been solidly associated intermediate mechanisms leading cardiovascular (CV) left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular dysfunction, atherosclerosis. However, it remains unclear whether independent predictor mortality CV complications CKD. Because modifiable risk factor its reduction lower morbidity mortality, unveiling molecular responsible pathogenesis CKD-related importance identification novel therapeutic targets aimed reducing high

Language: Английский

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Betanin—A food colorant with biological activity

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 59(1), P. 36 - 47

Published: Sept. 1, 2014

Betalains are water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigments that subdivided in red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins. Due to glycosylation acylation betalains exhibit a huge structural diversity. Betanin (betanidin-5-O-β-glucoside) is the most common betacyanin plant kingdom. According regulation on food additives betanin permitted quantum satis as natural red colorant (E162). Moreover, used cosmetics pharmaceuticals. Recently, potential health benefits of betalain-rich foods (e.g. beet, Opuntia sp.) have been discussed. scavenger reactive oxygen species exhibits gene-regulatory activity partly via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-(Nrf2) dependent signaling pathways. may induce phase II enzymes antioxidant defense mechanisms. Furthermore, possibly prevents LDL oxidation DNA damage. Potential blood pressure lowering effects beet seem be mainly mediated by dietary nitrate rather than per se.

Language: Английский

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Altered intestinal microbial flora and impaired epithelial barrier structure and function in CKD: the nature, mechanisms, consequences and potential treatment

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 31(5), P. 737 - 746

Published: April 16, 2015

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) results in systemic inflammation and oxidative stress which play a central role CKD progression its adverse consequences. Although many of the causes consequences have been extensively explored, little attention had paid to intestine microbial flora as potential source these problems. Our recent studies revealed significant disruption colonic, ileal, jejunal gastric epithelial tight junction different models rats. Moreover, barrier structure function found uremic animals was replicated cultured human colonocytes exposed plasma vitro We further changes composition colonic bacterial humans with advanced CKD. Together, uremia-induced impairment intestinal gut microbiome contribute toxicity by accommodating translocation endotoxin, fragments other noxious luminal products circulation. In addition, bacteria are main several well-known pro-inflammatory toxins such indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol trimethylamine-N-oxide as-yet unidentified retained compounds end-stage renal patients. This review is intended provide an overview effects on their pathogenesis toxicity. interventions aimed at mitigating abnormalities briefly discussed.

Language: Английский

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Natural product-derived pharmacological modulators of Nrf2/ARE pathway for chronic diseases

Natural Product Reports, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 31(1), P. 109 - 139

Published: Nov. 30, 2013

Covering: 2000 to 2013. Oxidative stress is the central component of chronic diseases. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway vital in up-regulation cytoprotective genes and enzymes oxidative treatment with certain dietary phytochemicals. Herein, we classify bioactive compounds derived from natural products that are Nrf2/ARE activators recapitulate molecular mechanisms for inducing Nrf2 provide favorable effects experimental models Moreover, pharmacological inhibition signalling has emerged as promising strategy against multi-drug resistance thereby improving efficacy. We have also enlisted product-derived inhibitors pathway.

Language: Английский

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Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Evolution of Chronic Kidney Disease: Untangling Ariadne’s Thread

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 20(15), P. 3711 - 3711

Published: July 29, 2019

Amplification of oxidative stress is present since the early stages chronic kidney disease (CKD), holding a key position in pathogenesis renal failure. Induction pro-oxidant enzymes with excess generation reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accumulation dityrosine-containing protein products produced during (advanced oxidation products-AOPPs) have been directly linked to podocyte damage, proteinuria, development focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) as well tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Vascular considered play critical role CKD progression, ROS are potential mediators impaired myogenic responses afferent arterioles autoregulation. Both inflammation hallmarks. Oxidative promotes via formation proinflammatory oxidized lipids or AOPPs, whereas activation nuclear factor κB transcription milieu expression cytokines recruitment cells. Accumulating evidence implicates various clinical models CKD, including diabetic nephropathy, IgA polycystic cardiorenal syndrome. The scope this review tackle issue holistic manner so provide future framework for interventions.

Language: Английский

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Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Contribution in Chronic Kidney Disease Progression Through Oxidative Stress

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: April 23, 2021

Mitochondria are known to generate approximately 90% of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The imbalance between mitochondrial (mtROS) production and removal due overproduction ROS and/or decreased antioxidants defense activity results in oxidative stress (OS), which leads damage that affects several components such as lipids, DNA, proteins. Since the kidney is a highly energetic organ, it more vulnerable caused by OS thus its contribution development progression chronic disease (CKD). This article aims review mtROS CKD function deterioration.

Language: Английский

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Plant Betalains: Safety, Antioxidant Activity, Clinical Efficacy, and Bioavailability

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 316 - 330

Published: Dec. 31, 2015

Abstract Betalains are accepted food additives derived from vacuoles of plants belonging to about 17 families in the order Caryophyllales. These pigments composed a nitrogenous core structure, betalamic acid [4‐(2‐oxoethylidene)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid]. Betalamic condenses with imino compounds (cyclo‐DOPA and/or its glucosyl derivatives) or amines their derivatives form violet betacyanins (for example, betanin) and yellow betaxanthins indicaxanthin), respectively. Till date, structures 75 betalains have been elucidated under The extracted safe consume they act as micronutrients body. In vitro studies highlight radical‐scavenging activity, cell culture assess cytotoxicity absorption betalains, proven clinical efficacies compiled this review. literature on biological activity has not analyzed for synthesis safety, efficacy, bioavailability arrive at concentrations required purported health benefits. Most under‐utilized pharmaceutical cosmetic preparations due poor stability lack scientific reports highlighting superior tinctorial strength including flourescence, water solubility, functional value alongside bioavailability. This is first comprehensive review dietary betalains. Based review, future debate input professionals, human daily intake betanin indicaxanthin can be proposed 100 50 mg,

Language: Английский

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