Trends in Neurosciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
46(4), P. 318 - 331
Published: Feb. 22, 2023
Anxiety
and
fear
are
evolutionarily
conserved
emotions
that
increase
the
likelihood
of
an
organism
surviving
threatening
situations.
vigilance
states
regulated
by
neural
networks
involving
multiple
brain
regions.
In
anxiety
disorders,
this
intricate
regulatory
system
is
disturbed,
leading
to
excessive
or
prolonged
fear.
disorders
have
both
genetic
environmental
risk
factors.
Genetic
research
has
potential
identify
specific
variants
causally
associated
with
phenotypes.
recent
decades,
genome-wide
association
studies
(GWASs)
revealed
predisposing
neuropsychiatric
suggesting
novel
neurobiological
pathways
in
etiology
these
disorders.
Here,
we
review
human
GWASs
anxiety-like
behavior
rodent
models.
These
paving
way
for
a
better
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: June 2, 2021
Neurotrophic
factors
(NTFs)
are
small
secreted
proteins
that
support
the
development,
maturation
and
survival
of
neurons.
NTFs
injected
into
brain
rescue
regenerate
certain
neuronal
populations
lost
in
neurodegenerative
diseases,
demonstrating
potential
to
cure
diseases
rather
than
simply
alleviating
symptoms.
(as
vast
majority
molecules)
do
not
pass
through
blood–brain
barrier
(BBB)
therefore,
delivered
directly
patients
using
costly
risky
intracranial
surgery.
The
delivery
efficacy
poor
diffusion
some
inside
considered
major
problems
behind
their
modest
effects
clinical
trials.
Thus,
there
is
a
great
need
for
be
systemically
thereby
avoiding
Nanoparticles
(NPs),
particles
with
size
dimensions
1-100
nm,
can
used
stabilize
facilitate
transport
BBB.
Several
studies
have
shown
loaded
or
attached
onto
NPs,
administered
transported
brain.
To
improve
NP-mediated
NTF
BBB,
surface
NPs
functionalized
specific
ligands
such
as
transferrin,
insulin,
lactoferrin,
apolipoproteins,
antibodies
short
peptides
will
recognized
internalized
by
respective
receptors
on
endothelial
cells.
In
this
review,
we
elaborate
most
suitable
methods
envision
“ideal”
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD)
trial
thereof.
We
shortly
summarize
trials
four
NTFs,
glial
cell
line-derived
neurotrophic
factor
(GDNF),
neurturin
(NRTN),
platelet-derived
growth
(PDGF-BB),
cerebral
dopamine
(CDNF),
were
tested
PD
patients,
focusing
mainly
GDNF
CDNF.
current
possibilities
discuss
whether
impact
improving
properties
across
Emerging
approaches
future
directions
NTF-based
nanomedicine
also
discussed.
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: July 7, 2022
Major
depressive
disorder
(MDD)
is
a
devastating
psychiatric
which
exacts
enormous
personal
and
social-economic
burdens.
Ketamine,
an
N
-methyl-D-aspartate
receptor
(NMDAR)
antagonist,
has
been
discovered
to
exert
rapid
sustained
antidepressant-like
actions
on
MDD
patients
animal
models.
However,
the
dissociation
psychotomimetic
propensities
of
ketamine
have
limited
its
use
for
indications.
Here,
we
review
recently
proposed
mechanistic
hypotheses
regarding
how
exerts
actions.
Ketamine
may
potentiate
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic
acid
(AMPAR)-mediated
transmission
in
pyramidal
neurons
by
disinhibition
and/or
blockade
spontaneous
NMDAR-mediated
neurotransmission.
also
activate
neuroplasticity-
synaptogenesis-relevant
signaling
pathways,
converge
key
components
like
brain-derived
neurotrophic
factor
(BDNF)/tropomyosin
kinase
B
(TrkB)
target
rapamycin
(mTOR).
These
processes
subsequently
rebalance
excitatory/inhibitory
restore
neural
network
integrity
that
compromised
depression.
Understanding
mechanisms
underpinning
ketamine’s
at
cellular
circuit
level
will
drive
development
safe
effective
pharmacological
interventions
treatment
MDD.
Trends in Neurosciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
46(4), P. 318 - 331
Published: Feb. 22, 2023
Anxiety
and
fear
are
evolutionarily
conserved
emotions
that
increase
the
likelihood
of
an
organism
surviving
threatening
situations.
vigilance
states
regulated
by
neural
networks
involving
multiple
brain
regions.
In
anxiety
disorders,
this
intricate
regulatory
system
is
disturbed,
leading
to
excessive
or
prolonged
fear.
disorders
have
both
genetic
environmental
risk
factors.
Genetic
research
has
potential
identify
specific
variants
causally
associated
with
phenotypes.
recent
decades,
genome-wide
association
studies
(GWASs)
revealed
predisposing
neuropsychiatric
suggesting
novel
neurobiological
pathways
in
etiology
these
disorders.
Here,
we
review
human
GWASs
anxiety-like
behavior
rodent
models.
These
paving
way
for
a
better
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
