3D Camouflage in an Ornithischian Dinosaur DOI Creative Commons
Jakob Vinther, Robert D. Nicholls, Stephan Lautenschlager

et al.

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 26(18), P. 2456 - 2462

Published: Sept. 1, 2016

Countershading was one of the first proposed mechanisms camouflage [1Poulton E.B. The Colours Animals: Their Meaning and Use, Especially Considered in Case Insects.Second Edition. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1890Crossref Google Scholar, 2Thayer A.H. law which underlies protective coloration.Auk. 1896; 13: 477-482Google Scholar]. A dark dorsum light ventrum counteract gradient created by illumination from above, obliterating cues to 3D shape [3Ruxton G.D. Speed M.P. Kelly D.J. What, if anything, is adaptive function countershading?.Anim. Behav. 2004; 68: 445-451Crossref Scopus (89) 4Caro T. Concealing coloration animals.Q. Rev. Biol. 2014; 89: 63Crossref 5Rowland H.M. From Abbott Thayer present day: what have we learned about countershading?.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Sci. 2009; 364: 519-527Crossref PubMed (64) 6Kiltie R.A. Testing Thayer's countershading hypothesis: an image processing approach.Anim. 1989; 38: 542-544Crossref (20) Because optimal varies strongly with environment [7Penacchio O. Lovell P.G. Cuthill I.C. Ruxton Harris J.M. Three-dimensional camouflage: exploiting photons conceal form.Am. Nat. 2015; 186: 553-563Crossref (15) 8Penacchio Orientation sun animals its interaction crypsis.Funct. Ecol. 29: 1165-1177Crossref (21) 9Allen W.L. Baddeley Scott-Samuel N.E. quantitative test predicted relationship between lighting environment.Am. 2012; 180: 762-776Crossref (41) Scholar], pigmentation patterns give clues animal's habitat. Indeed, comparative evidence ungulates [9Allen Scholar] shows that interspecific variation matches predictions: open habitats, where direct overhead sunshine dominates, a sharp dark-light color transition high up body evident; closed habitats (e.g., under forest canopy), diffuse dominates smoother dorsoventral gradation found. We can apply this approach extinct preservation fossil melanin allows reconstruction [10Vinther J. Briggs D.E.G. Clarke Mayr G. Prum R.O. Structural feather.Biol. Lett. 2010; 6: 128-131Crossref (94) 11Vinther Saranathan V. colour feathers.Biol. 2008; 4: 522-525Crossref (144) 12Li Q. Gao K.-Q. Meng J.A. Shawkey M.D. D'Alba L. Pei Ellison M. Norell M.A. Vinther Reconstruction Microraptor evolution iridescent plumage.Science. 335: 1215-1219Crossref 13Li Plumage dinosaur.Science. 327: 1369-1372Crossref (194) 14Lindgren Sjövall P. Carney R.M. Uvdal Gren Dyke Schultz B.P. Barnes K.R. Polcyn M.J. Skin provides convergent melanism marine reptiles.Nature. 506: 484-488Crossref (2) 15Zhang F. Kearns S.L. Orr P.J. Benton Zhou Z. Johnson D. Xu X. Wang Fossilized melanosomes Cretaceous dinosaurs birds.Nature. 463: 1075-1078Crossref (210) Here study exceptionally well-preserved specimen Psittacosaurus sp. Chinese Jehol biota [16Lingham-Soliar Plodowski integument Liaoning Province, China: taphonomy, epidermal ceratopsian dinosaur.Naturwissenschaften. 97: 479-486Crossref (33) 17Mayr Peters D.S. Vogel Bristle-like integumentary structures at tail horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus.Naturwissenschaften. 2002; 361-365Crossref (90) This countershaded underbelly tail, whereas chest more pigmented. Other resemble disruptive camouflage, chin jugal bosses on face appear dark. projected onto anatomically accurate life-size model order assess their experimentally. are compared measured radiance generated identical uniform gray versus illumination. These studies suggest inhabited habitat such as relatively dense canopy.Video AbstracteyJraWQiOiI4ZjUxYWNhY2IzYjhiNjNlNzFlYmIzYWFmYTU5NmZmYyIsImFsZyI6IlJTMjU2In0.eyJzdWIiOiI1ZjY4YzU2MWIyN2UxYzM0ZjNjNDJjZTFjMGMyNGNkYyIsImtpZCI6IjhmNTFhY2FjYjNiOGI2M2U3MWViYjNhYWZhNTk2ZmZjIiwiZXhwIjoxNjc4Nzc2NTM4fQ.Jc4lqatPBvlKeVolYxqGWFZuZ4uy4p6FjKkJMd77t9fwrKkbh7jRiSw0jPBlRMcvdisvqLDOocMnmWpg3pw1CygrOD9lEY2Mar7RN3cbYqFPCncJNZOiMwrOtR3ZDqSxjjlQVAv2sJlSM3z_lAC6DgKjNGfRO4L59S7cx53XyijXl1NU6R4DEUjWxbeUautxrFQvmdsOHei0516xovDToWGefBzWPGGOyyUNxuhh1bix3oNe-MciBOw3Dfe54VIbFeN61Y7T2__KVqS3VLL0n5JR6XrHW2NMeQcJKQKCdimBmVmghgSiruy9tqhWZJqkoSegCs4Z59t4MZdVijE4QQ(mp4, (144.74 MB) Download video

Language: Английский

Trace Metals as Biomarkers for Eumelanin Pigment in the Fossil Record DOI Open Access
Roy A. Wogelius, Phillip L. Manning,

Holly E. Barden

et al.

Science, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 333(6049), P. 1622 - 1626

Published: July 1, 2011

Well-preserved fossils of pivotal early bird and nonavian theropod species have provided unequivocal evidence for feathers and/or downlike integuments. Recent studies reconstructed color on the basis melanosome structure; however, chemistry these proposed melanosomes has remained unknown. We applied synchrotron x-ray techniques to several fossil extant organisms, including Confuciusornis sanctus, in order map characterize possible chemical residues melanin pigments. Results show that trace metals, such as copper, are present organometallic compounds most likely derived from original eumelanin. The distribution provides a long-lived biomarker presence density within range fossilized organisms. Metal zoning patterns may be preserved long after structures been destroyed.

Language: Английский

Citations

166
A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales DOI
Pascal Godefroit, Sofia M. Sinitsa, Danielle Dhouailly

et al.

Science, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 345(6195), P. 451 - 455

Published: July 24, 2014

Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous deposits from northeastern China have yielded varied theropod dinosaurs bearing feathers. Filamentous integumentary structures also been described in ornithischian dinosaurs, but whether these filaments can be regarded as part of the evolutionary lineage toward feathers remains controversial. Here we describe a new basal neornithischian dinosaur Siberia with small scales around distal hindlimb, larger imbricated tail, monofilaments head and thorax, more complex featherlike humerus, femur, tibia. The discovery branched outside theropods suggests that coexisted were potentially widespread among entire clade; may thus present earliest dinosaurs.

Language: Английский

Citations

155
Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers DOI
Xing Xu, Xiaoting Zheng, Hai‐Lu You

et al.

Nature, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 464(7293), P. 1338 - 1341

Published: April 1, 2010

Language: Английский

Citations

153
Pre‐modern Birds: Avian Divergences in the Mesozoic DOI
Jingmai K. O’Connor, Luis M. Chiappe,

Alyssa Bell

et al.

Published: April 8, 2011

This chapter contains sections titled: The Theropod Hypothesis of the Origin Birds Mesozoic Aviary Phylogenetic Hypotheses Early Evolution Conclusions Acknowledgments Appendix 3A 3B References

Language: Английский

Citations

152
The Jehol Biota, an Early Cretaceous terrestrial Lagerstätte: new discoveries and implications DOI Creative Commons

Zhonghe Zhou

National Science Review, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 1(4), P. 543 - 559

Published: Sept. 6, 2014

Abstract The study of the Early Cretaceous terrestrial Jehol Biota, which provides a rare window for reconstruction Lower ecosystem, is reviewed with focus on some latest progress. A newly proposed definition biota based paleoecology and taphonomy accepted. Although fossils are mainly preserved in two types sedimentary rocks, there various preservation complex mechanism that remains to be understood. New discoveries significant taxa from an updated introduction its diversity, confirm Biota represents one most diversified biotas Mesozoic. evolutionary significance major biological groups (e.g. dinosaurs, birds, mammals, pterosaurs, insects, plants) discussed light recent discoveries, remarkable aspects highlighted. global local geological, paleogeographic, paleoenvironmental background have contributed unique composition, evolution, biota, demonstrating widespread faunal exchanges between Asia other continents caused by presence Eurasia–North American continental mass link South America, confirming northeastern China as origin diversification center variety groups. progress has been made paleotemperature at time much more work needed possible diversity cold intervals during Cretaceous. Finally, future directions highlight great potential comprehensive multidisciplinary studies further our understanding geological implications Lagerstätte.

Language: Английский

Citations

140
Vertebrate diversity of the Jehol Biota as compared with other lagerstätten DOI

Zhonghe Zhou,

Yuan Wang

Science China Earth Sciences, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 53(12), P. 1894 - 1907

Published: Nov. 30, 2010

Language: Английский

Citations

139
Molecular preservation of the pigment melanin in fossil melanosomes DOI Open Access
Johan Lindgren, P. Uvdal, Peter Sjövall

et al.

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 3(1)

Published: May 8, 2012

Language: Английский

Citations

135
A new Jurassic scansoriopterygid and the loss of membranous wings in theropod dinosaurs DOI
Min Wang, Jingmai K. O’Connor, Xing Xu

et al.

Nature, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 569(7755), P. 256 - 259

Published: May 1, 2019

Language: Английский

Citations

133
Soft Tissue Preservation in Terrestrial Mesozoic Vertebrates DOI
Mary H. Schweitzer

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 39(1), P. 187 - 216

Published: March 2, 2011

Exceptionally preserved fossils—i.e., those that retain, in some manner, labile components of organisms are normally degraded far too quickly to enter the fossil record—hold greatest potential for understanding aspects biology long-extinct animals and best targets search endogenous biomolecules. Yet modes preservation these components, exactly what remains original composition, not well understood. Here, I review a selection cases soft tissue Mesozoic vertebrates, examine chemical environmental factors may influence such preservation, explore fossils high-resolution analytical studies, suggest clarification terminologies criteria determining endogeneity source degree well-preserved tissues.

Language: Английский

Citations

128
Bird Integumentary Melanins: Biosynthesis, Forms, Function and Evolution DOI Open Access
Ismael Galván, Francisco Solano

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 520 - 520

Published: April 8, 2016

Melanins are the ubiquitous pigments distributed in nature. They one of main responsible for colors living cells. Birds among most diverse animals regarding melanin-based coloration, especially plumage, although they also pigment bare parts integument. This review is devoted to characteristics bird melanins, including updated views formation and nature melanin granules, whose interest has been raised last years inferring color extinct birds non-avian theropod dinosaurs using resistant fossil feathers. The molecular structure two types melanin, eumelanin pheomelanin, environmental genetic factors that regulate avian melanogenesis presented, establishing relationship between them. Finally, special functions feathers discussed, emphasizing aspects more closely related these animals, such as honest signaling, may drive evolution pheomelanin pheomelanin-based traits, an issue which have pioneer study models.

Language: Английский

Citations

124